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Nutrition > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

4 main tissue types in the human body

A

epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular

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2
Q

What tissue lines the digestive tract?

A

epithelial

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3
Q

Digestion

A

Mechanical or chemical breakdown of large ingested molecules into small absorbable molecules

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4
Q

Absorption

A

The passage of digested molecules across the digestive tract into the inside of the body

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5
Q

Why does the GI tract play an important role in immunity?

A

Everything inside this tube is external to the human body until it is absorbed
No pathogens inside

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6
Q

Pre-Ingestion Digestive Processes

A

cutting, mashing, marinades, tenderizing

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7
Q

Mouth

A

-Mastication increases SA
-Bolus forms
-saliva (lubrication)

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8
Q

Saliva digestion

A

Salivary Amylase (carbs->starches)
Lingual Lipase (lipids)

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9
Q

Esophagus

A

-no chemical digestion
-peristalsis (rhythmical, wave-like)

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10
Q

Sphincter btw esophagus and stomach

A

cardiac sphincter/lower esophageal

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11
Q

Inactive form of pepsin?

A

pepsinogen

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12
Q

Stomach

A

-proteins get denatured (digestion)
-not much lipid digestion “Fats Float”
-mixing and churning
-bolus-> chyme
-gastric acid
-secretes intrinsic factor

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13
Q

What activates pepsinogen?

A

HCL pepsinogen into pepsin
-helps with immunity
-denatures protein

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14
Q

What is in gastric acid?

A

HCL, H2O, Enzymes

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15
Q

Sphincter btw stomach and small intestine?

A

pyloric sphincter

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16
Q

Small Intestine

A

-primary site of digestion and absorption
-pancreas, liver, gallbladder
-3 sections: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
-poly & disaccharides -> monosaccharides

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17
Q

Pancreas

A

secretes pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into small intestine

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18
Q

Liver

A

produces bile to aid fat digestion and absorption

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19
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bile which aids in absorption

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20
Q

Sphincter btw Small and Large Intestine?

A

Ileocecal valve

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21
Q

Large Intestine

A

-reabsorbing water & electrolytes (Na+ & K+)
-forms & stores feces
-houses most gut microbiota

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22
Q

Where do we see mechanical digestion?

A

Pre-ingestion digestive processes (mashing)
Mouth (chewing)
Esophagus, Small and Large Intestine (peristalsis)
Stomach (mixing)

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23
Q

Where do we see Chemical Digestion?

A

Pre-Ingestion Digestive Processes (marinade)
Mouth (salivary enzymes)
Stomach (stomach enzymes)
Accessory organs (enzymes)

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24
Q

Where is a bolus formed?

A

mouth

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25
Q

Where is chyme formed?

A

stomach

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26
Q

Why are intestinal secretions, like HCL and different enzymes, tightly regulated/controlled?

A

-HCL will digest the stomach lining
-protein digesting enzymes could target body proteins

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27
Q

Sphincter of Oddi (Hepatopancreatic Sphincter)

A

controls where accessory organs dump into the SI

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28
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Heartburn

A

lower esophageal sphincter relaxes or malfunctions contents of stomach flow back into esophagus

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29
Q

Segmentation

A

-takes place in SI
-back n forth “kneading”

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30
Q

Mass Movements

A

large peristaltic waves

31
Q

Olfactory

A

stimulates salivary glands and other digestive processes

32
Q

Saliva

A

contains lubricants, enzymes, and lysozymes

33
Q

Bile

A

emulsifies fat (breaks apart into tiny pieces)

34
Q

Sodium Bicarbonate

A

-pancreas, small intestine
-neutralizes stomach acid when it reaches SI

35
Q

Hormones

A

-stomach, SI, pancreas
-regulate food intake, digestion, and absorption

36
Q

Flavor =

A

taste + smell + texture

37
Q

5 sensations

A

salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami

38
Q

Umami

A

savory or meaty taste, MSG

39
Q

What is Intrinsic Factor and why do we need it?

A

Needed to absorb vitamin B12 in the SI

40
Q

What foods naturally contain vitamin B12?

A

animal products

41
Q

What do villi and microvilli do in SI?

A

increase surface area

42
Q

Enterocytes

A

-special absorption cells in the villi
-live 2-5 days

43
Q

Protases

A

Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase

44
Q

Gastrin

A

stimulates HCL and pepsinogen production
stimulates gastric and intestinal motility

45
Q

Secretin

A

-from SI
-stimulates release of pancreatic bicarbonate in response to acidic chyme in the small intestine

46
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

-from SI
-stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gallbladder in response to fat in the chyme

47
Q

Somatostatin

A

inhibits release of GI hormones, slows gastric emptying, GI motility, and blood flow to the intestine

48
Q

Enterohepatic Circulation

A

liver-> gallbladder->small intestine->hepatic portal vein-> liver
bile reused

49
Q

Where do pancreatic enzymes and bile enter the small intestine?

A

Alimentary canal at the entrance of the duodenum

50
Q

What is bile produced from?

A

water, electrolytes, bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids and bilirubin

51
Q

What gets absorbed in the stomach?

A

mostly drugs, alcohol, some water, some vitamins or minerals

52
Q

What gets absorbed in the large intestine?

A

water and electrolytes

53
Q

How does the gut microbiome impact health?

A

-crowds out pathogens
-produces antimicrobial substances
-modulates inflammation
-don’t know what optimal gut microbiome looks like

54
Q

What are some things that can impact the composition of the gut microbiome?

A

-genetics, aging, stress
-exercise
-geographic location of residence
-medical treatments
-smoking and alcohol decrease microbial diversity

55
Q

What are probiotics?

A

bacteria
found in fermented foods like yogurt, kombucha
People shouldn’t take probiotics

56
Q

What are prebiotics?

A

food for probiotics
non-digestible carbohydrates (dietary fibers)
apples, bananas, garlic

57
Q

Heartburn

A

occasional reflux from fried/fatty foods… relaxes sphincter
too large a meal puts pressure on tube

58
Q

Contributing factors to heartburn and GERD

A

obesity, smoking, and alcohol use

59
Q

How to treat GERD and heartburn?

A

lifestyle modifications and medicine

60
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of ulcer formation?

A
  1. infection with H. pylori (a bacteria)
  2. Heavy use of NSAID medications such as aspirin and ibuprofen
61
Q

What are gallstones?

A

when cholesterol and bile pigments form crystal-like particles

62
Q

What are some factors associated with gallstone formation?

A

overweight, prolonged fasting, rapid weight loss, high-cal low-fiber diet, sedentary lifestyle

63
Q

Food intolerances

A

inability to digest a food
lactose and gluten common

64
Q

Food allergy

A

cause an immune response

65
Q

8 most common food allergens

A

milk, wheat, soy, eggs, fish, shellfish, peanuts, tree nuts

66
Q

What is gluten?

A

a protein found in wheat, barley, rye, and possibly oats

67
Q

Celiac Disease

A

consumption of gluten causes damage to the intestinal villi

68
Q

What are some causes of constipation?

A

-poor fluid intake, poor fiber intake
-excessive fiber consumption
-ignoring the urge to defecate
-medications, laxative abuse
-pregnancy, eating disorders like anorexia nervosa

69
Q

FODMAPS?

A

fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols

70
Q

When might people avoid FODMAPS?

A

when they are poorly digested and absorbed and there is gas formation

71
Q

What is IBS?

A

Irritable bowel syndrome
more common in women

72
Q

What is IBD?

A

group of serious, chronic, intestinal diseases like ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease

73
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

-can affect any part of the GI tract
Crohn’s is full-blown

74
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

only impact the colon

Nutrition (12 decks)

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