Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutrition > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need water every day?

A

-biological processes will cease within a few days
-major component of blood
-cannot be stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is most of the water in the body found?

A

within our cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

fluid between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is included in interstitial fluid?

A

-GI fluid
-Spinal column fluid
-fluid in eyes, tears
-synovial fluid in joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is included in intravascular fluid?

A

blood and lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

Major cations: K+ and Mg2+
Major anions: phosphate and sulfate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Major cations: Na+ and Ca2+
Major anions: Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

3 Na+ pumped in
2 K+ pumped out
-requires ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Water likes to?

A

party

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is osmosis?

A

passive movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

hippotonic
swell
-water intoxication; most common in marathon runners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

hyper people=skinny
shrink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What organs regulate fluid balance?

A

brain, lungs, and liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which organs play the biggest role in fluid balance?

A

kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When bp is low or blood volume has decline, the body will trigger?

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

RAAS

A
  1. release Antidiuretic hormone
  2. renin-> angiotensin I
  3. Angiotensin I-> Angiotensin II
    ->Aldosterone
  4. water retention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does Angiotensin II do?

A

constriction of blood vessels and release of aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does Aldosterone do?

A

signals kidneys to retain more Na+ and Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does water retention affect blood pressure?

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the functions of water?

A

Maintenance of blood volume
Transport of nutrients and oxygen
Temperature regulation
Waste product removal
Act as solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does it mean to have a high specific heat capacity?

A

can capture a lot of heat without raising internal temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some of the negative effects of a high body temp?

A

damage cells and protein denaturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some foods that contain a lot of water?

A

fruits and vegetables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Are caffeinated beverages dehydrating?

A

no caffeine amount less than fluid amount

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does alcohol consumption inhibit?

A

antidiuretic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the adequate intake for water for men and women?

A

1ml water per kcal consumed or 30-35ml per kg of body weight
Men: 15cups
Women: 11cups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Insensible losses?

A

cannot measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sensible losses?

A

can measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What can cause dehydration?

A

diarrhea, vomiting, fever, exercise, hot weather, dry environments, high altitudes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

low serum sodium
cause: water intoxication
electrolytes<fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which athletes are at the greatest risk for water intoxication?

A

marathon runners: sweat a lot and just drink plain water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does potable mean?

A

drinkable water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What proportion of the earth’s water is potable freshwater?

A

3%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What proportion of global freshwater withdrawals are used for agriculture?

A

70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is Ogallala Aquifer?

A

largest underground source of water in America

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Virtual water content of animal foods compared to plant foods?

A

animal foods have higher content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Diarrhea kills how many children each day?

A

2,195

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The world has produced as much plastic as all the preceding years combined since?

A

2000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

By 2050, if no action is taken to address the plastic waste crisis, there will be more plastic in the?

A

ocean (by weight) than fish

40
Q

What percent of 6.3 billion metric tons of plastic waste is recycled?

A

9%

41
Q

What percent of all plastic products are intended for single use?

A

50%

42
Q

How many deaths from fossil fuel air pollution?

A

1 in 5 deaths

43
Q

Up until 2018, where was most of this plastic waste sold and shipped?

A

China and Hong Kong

44
Q

What proportion of bottled water comes straight from the tap?

A

40%

45
Q

Who regulates bottled water?

A

FDA

46
Q

Who regulates tap water?

A

EPA
-checks tap water frequently

47
Q

What 2 resources are required to produce plastic?

A

fossil fuels and water

48
Q

What are microplastics?

A

less than 5mm in diameter or length

49
Q

Microplastics found where?

A

-bottom of the Marianas Trench
-Arctic sea ice
-rainwater in Colorado
-on top of pyrenees mountains in France

50
Q

How do microplastics in the soil impact plant growth and earthworm biomass?

A

affect pH and plant height

51
Q

What things can affect the bioavailability of different minerals?

A

-influenced by phytates, oxalates, fiber, and another vitamin present
-influenced by need
-similar valence minerals compete
-gastric acidity

52
Q

The mineral content of foods can be impacted by what?

A

soil, water, plant genetics, weather, processing, and preparation of food

53
Q

What are the functions of sodium?

A

-aids in fluid balance
-helps absorb glucose and AA in the SI
-required for normal muscle and nerve function (electrical potential)

54
Q

Most of the sodium in our diet comes from what?

A

processed/fast foods

55
Q

What are some of the side effects of consuming too much sodium?

A

-increases risk of hypertension
-heart disease
-stroke

56
Q

What is the CDRR for sodium?

A

2,300mg/d = 1tsp of salt

57
Q

How does processing affect sodium content in food?

A

increases sodium content

58
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

low blood sodium levels

59
Q

What are the causes of hyponatremia?

A

excessive perspiration, diarrhea or vomiting, water intoxication

60
Q

Effects of hyponatremia?

A

headache, nausea/vomiting, fatigue, muscle cramps, seizures, coma/death

61
Q

What is hypernatremia?

A

high blood sodium levels

62
Q

Side effects of hypernatremia?

A

hypertension (heart disease, stroke)
increased urinary calcium excretion (kidney stones)

63
Q

What are the risk factors of hypertension?

A

can be primary (age, race)
or
can be secondary (kidney disease)

64
Q

How does race impact sodium sensitivity?

A

low-renin
african americans most sensitive

65
Q

Normal blood pressure

A

120/80

66
Q

What are the functions of potassium?

A

-aids in fluid balance
-required for normal muscle contraction and transmission of nerve impulses

67
Q

Potassium can counteract the effects of which nutrient?

A

sodium

68
Q

What are the sources of potassium?

A

fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dried beans and milk

69
Q

What are some of the side effects of consuming too little potassium?

A

can lead to cardiac arrhythmia

70
Q

What are causes and side effects of hypokalemia?

A

causes: vomiting, diarrhea, eating disorders, alcoholism
effects: cardiac arrhythmia

71
Q

What are causes and side effects of hyperkalemia?

A

causes: impaired kidney function
effects: irregular heartbeat and cardiac arrest

72
Q

What are the functions of chloride?

A

-aids in fluid balance
-needed for the transmission of nerve impulses
-component of HCl

73
Q

What are the sources of chloride?

A

salt, seaweed, some fruits and vegetables `

74
Q

What is mean cell volume?

A

measures the average size of your RBCs

75
Q

What is the definition of anemia?

A

occurs when # of normal RBCs is lower than normal or level of hemoglobin is low

75
Q

What is the definition of anemia?

A

occurs when # of normal RBCs is lower than normal or level of hemoglobin is low

76
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

body overproduces RBCs

77
Q

How can dehydration affect hematocrit?

A

increases hematocrit %

78
Q

What are the functions of iron?

A

-component of hemoglobin and myoglobin
-involved in oxidation reduction reactions
-involved in immunity
-involved in energy metabolism

79
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

containing heme, caries oxygen in muscles

80
Q

What are the sources of iron?

A

clams, liverwurst, navy beans

81
Q

What is heme iron?

A

animal products

82
Q

What is non-heme iron?

A

vegetables and grains

83
Q

What is MFP factor?

A

peptide present in meat, fish, and poultry
-enhances absorption of nonheme iron

84
Q

What are some things that increase iron absorption?

A

vitamin C and gastric acid

85
Q

What are some things that decrease iron absorption?

A

calcium and plant components

86
Q

Which individuals are at the greatest risk of developing an iron deficiency?

A

-premature infants
-young children
-women of childbearing age
-vegetarians and vegans
-frequent blood donors

87
Q

What are some of the side effects of consuming too little iron?

A

microcytic, hypochromic anemia
-compromises immune function and delays cognitive development

88
Q

What are the side effects of consuming too much iron?

A

inflammation of the stomach lining and ulcers

89
Q

What are the functions of zinc?

A

-DNA and RNA synthesis
-reproduction, growth, development
-bone formation
-immune function
-antioxidant and taste acuity

90
Q

Zinc is needed for the functioning of over?

A

300 enzymes

91
Q

What are sources of zinc?

A

meat, seafood, nuts, beans, whole grains

92
Q

What are the functions of vitamin K?

A

-K+ coagulation in the blood
-bone formation
-metabolism

93
Q

What are sources of vitamin K?

A

green leafy vegetables, bacteria in large intestine

94
Q

People on what type of medications need to maintain a consistent vitamin K intake?

A

warfarin and similar anticoagulants

95
Q

Why are infants give a vitamin K injection following birth?

A

their guts don’t have bacteria that can synthesize vitamin K

Nutrition (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions