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nutrition > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Carb involved in the TCA cycle that keeps it spinning?

A

oxaloacetate

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2
Q

What is another name for glycolysis and where does it occur?

A

anaerobic metabolism
cytosol

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3
Q

Component that connects metabolism of carbs, lipids, and proteins?

A

pantothenic acid-> Acetyl CoA

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4
Q

How many ATP formed in anaerobic metabolism of a carb?

A

2

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5
Q

How many ATP formed in aerobic metabolism of a carb?

A

30-32

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6
Q

What is the purpose of generating lactate in anaerobic metabolism?

A

replenish NAD+ supply

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7
Q

2 steps in fatty acid metabolism?

A

lipolysis-> beta oxidation (in mitochondria)

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8
Q

What can’t make glucose?

A

fatty acids

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9
Q

Acetyl CoA cannot be made into?

A

pyruvate

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10
Q

Ketogenesis

A

formation of ketone bodies (FA)

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11
Q

Acetone

A

ketone leaves body by lungs

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12
Q

Ketosis in Diabetes Miletus

A

rapid lipolysis-> ketosis-> diabetic ketoacidosis

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13
Q

Ketosis in semi-starvation

A

more gradual

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14
Q

What are 3 compounds formed by 2 Acetyl CoA?

A

Acetone
Acetoacetic Acid
beta-Hydroxybutyric acid

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15
Q

What occurs to blood-glucose levels during starvation?

A
  1. blood-glucose decreases
  2. breakdown of glycogen in muscles and liver increases blood-glucose
  3. blood-glucose decreases
  4. breakdown of fats-> fatty acids
    breakdown of proteins-> AA-> glucose
  5. ketones (FA)
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16
Q

What attributes to most of weight loss early on?

A

glycogen binds to H2O

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17
Q

What happens to glucose in type I diabetes?

A

cannot be taken in cell and remains in blood
increases in blood lipids, ketone bodies, and blood-glucose

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18
Q

Why are ketone bodies dangerous?

A

they are acidic and denature proteins which in turn, decrease blood pH which is dangerous for body functions

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19
Q

What is the purpose of forming ketones?

A

preserve body proteins and enable protein actions

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20
Q

Where does protein metabolism occur?

A

in liver

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21
Q

Where are branched chain amino acids metabolized?

A

by muscles

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22
Q

What occurs during the deamination stage?

A

protein (which contains N) has the element removed by vitamin B6 which results in a empty carbon skeleton

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23
Q

What vitamin can make other AAs?

A

Vitamin B6

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24
Q

Glycogenic AA

A

form pyruvate or bypass Acetyl CoA to enter citric cycles
* becomes glucose

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25
Q

Ketogenic AA

A

Acetyl-CoA (cannot become part of glucose)
* Acetyl-CoA (cannot form oxalacetate)

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26
Q

What is gluconegenesis?

A

formation of new glucose not from glucose

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27
Q

Where does gluconegenesis occur and what does it require?

A

in liver
ATP, B1, B2, B3, B6

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28
Q

What occurs after the deamination stage of protein metabolism?

A

excess AA is converted to Ammonia (NH3) and then into urea

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29
Q

Relationship between liver disease and ammonia?

A

can build up and cause blood toxicity

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30
Q

What is the toxic agent in kidney disease?

A

urea

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31
Q

carbs-> glycogen used for?

A

1.fatty acid synthesis
2.AA synthesis
3.formation of ATP

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32
Q

amino acids-> new body proteins used for?

A

new AAs
make glucose
make ATP

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33
Q

Fatty acid metabolism?

A

1.stored as fat/adipose tissue
2.produce ATP
3.produce ketone bodies

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34
Q

What organ is responsible for most nutrient interconversions?

A

liver

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35
Q

What does high ATP do to metabolism?

A

decrease glycolysis and promote anabolic reactions

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36
Q

What does high ADP do to metabolism?

A

stimulate energy yielding/catabolic pathways

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37
Q

Where does transition reaction occur?

A

pyruvate-> Acetyl-CoA
mitochondria

38
Q

Where does fatty acid oxidation occur?

A

fatty acid-> Acetyl-CoA
mitochondria

39
Q

Where does alcohol oxidation occur?

A

in cytosol and mitochondria

40
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

mitochondria

41
Q

Where does glyconeogenesis occur?

A

begins in mitochondria, then moves to cytosol

42
Q

Alcohol uses niacin to become?

A

Acetyl-CoA

43
Q

Fasting encourages?

A

-glycogen and fat breakdown
-gluconeogenesis
(from AAs taken from lean body tissue)

44
Q

How does fasting encourage adaptation?

A

-decreases metabolic rate
-heart, muscles, kidney, and finally, the brain and CNS start burning ketones

45
Q

Feasting encourages?

A

-insulin production
-glycogen synthesis
-protein and urea synthesis

46
Q

Does consuming more protein increase muscle mass?

A

no

47
Q

What increases carbohydrate conversion to body fat?

A

insulin

48
Q

What are the products of carbohydrate breakdown?

A

-glucose
-fat
(requires high energy)

49
Q

What are the products of Fatty acid breakdown?

A

-fat
(requires minimal energy)

50
Q

What are the products of glycerol breakdown?

A

-glucose
-fat
(requires high energy)

51
Q

What are the products of AA breakdown?

A

-glucose
-amino acids
-fat
(requires high energy)

52
Q

What are the products of alcohol breakdown?

A

-fat
(requires high energy)

53
Q

What errors could occur because of PKU?

A

-phenylalanine cannot be converted to tyrosine
-can cause retardation

54
Q

What treatments are used for elevated PKU levels?

A

restrict phenylalanine (not eliminate)

55
Q

What errors could occur because of galactosemia?

A

-galactose cannot be converted to glucose

56
Q

What are treatments used for galactosemia?

A

most avoid all foods containing galactose

57
Q

What occurs during glycogen storage disease?

A

liver cannot convert glycogen to glucose which causes a low BG

58
Q

Carbs

A

4kcal
AMDR 45-65%

59
Q

Protein

A

4kcal

60
Q

Fat

A

9kcal

61
Q

metabolism

A

network of chemical processes involved in maintaining life

62
Q

anabolsim

A

process of building compounds
-requires ATP

63
Q

catabolism

A

process of breaking down compounds
-to release and use energy
-P & ADP-> ATP

64
Q

What is ATP used for?

A

-building compounds
-contracting muscles
-conducting nerve impulses
-pumping ions

65
Q

ATP

A

adenine + ribose + 3 phosphate groups
-bonds high energy and hydrolysis of the bonds releases energy
-recycled

66
Q

Oxidation-reduction reactions

A

-breakdown and release energy from macros
-antioxidant defense

67
Q

Macro usage at sedentary lifestyle?

A

90% lipid
10% carb
-sufficient oxygen

68
Q

Macro usage at increased intensity?

A

10% lipid
90% carb

69
Q

Glycolysis (anaerobic)

A

-2 NADH & 2 ATP produced
-occurs in cytosol
-glucose oxidized to form 2 pyruvate

70
Q

Vitamin needed to begin glycolysis?

A

niacin (NAD)

71
Q

Vitamins needed to begin transition reaction?

A

B1, B2, B3, B5

72
Q

Transiton reaction?

A

pyruvate oxidized-> 2 Acetyl CoA
-2 NADH produced

73
Q

Products of Citric Acid Cycle?

A

6NADH
H+
2FADH2
2 ATP
2 GTP

74
Q

Where does electron transport chain occur?

A

mitochondria

75
Q

Oxidative phosphyrolyation?

A

electron transfers-> ATP

76
Q

Electron Transport chain products?

A

10NADH
2FADH2
2GTP
2ATP

77
Q

Final ATP production of electron transport chain?

A

28 ATP

78
Q

Do all cells have mitochondria?

A

no, therefore, some aren’t capable of aerobic metabolism

79
Q

What happens without oxygen in metabolism?

A

pyruvate-> lactic acid

80
Q

Why is NAD+ regeneration crucial?

A

allows anaerobic glycolysis to continue
(by lactic acid)

81
Q

low BG?

A

glucagon-> liver-> glycogen-> glucose

82
Q

how many acetyl CoA does glucose form?

A

2

83
Q

20 carbon fatty acids->

A

10 acetyl CoA

84
Q

30 carbon fatty acids->

A

15 acetyl CoA

85
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

triglycerides -> FAs and Glycerol

86
Q

What enzyme enhances lipolysis?

A

hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)

87
Q

What stimulates lipolysis?

A

glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine

88
Q

What inhibits lipolysis?

A

insulin

89
Q

What occurs during beta oxidation?

A

-fatty acids transported from cytosol to mitochondria by carnitine
-works better when carbs present
-yields more energy than glucose oxidation

90
Q

Fat metabolism

A
  • Higher levels of oxaloacetate (a carb) needed to combine with acetyl-CoA to form citrate
  • Pyruvate-> oxaloacetate (keeps cycle going)

nutrition (12 decks)

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