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Gastrointestinal > 12. Breakdown of Food (nutrients, vitamins, minerals) > Flashcards

12. Breakdown of Food (nutrients, vitamins, minerals) Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion in the MOUTH:

A

MECHANICAL: Chewing/mastication & Swallowing

CHEMICAL: CARBOHYDRATES and FATS

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2
Q

Digestion/Absorption in the STOMACH:

A

MECHANICAL: PERISTALTIC MIXING and PROPULSION

CHEMICAL: PROTEINS & FATS

ABSORPTIN of LIPID-SOLUBLE SUBSTANCES ie Alcohol, Aspirin

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3
Q

Digestion/Absorption in the SMALL INTESTINE:

A

MECHANICAL: MIXING and propulsion, primarily SEGMENTATION

CHEMICAL: CARBOHYDRATES, FATS, POLYPEPTIDES, NUCLEIC ACIDS

ABSORPTION of PEPTIDES, AMINO ACIDS, GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, FATS, WATER, MINERALS, VITAMINS

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4
Q

Digestion/Absorption in the LARGE INTESTINE:

A

MECHANICAL: SEGMENTAL MIXING and propulsion

ABSORPTION of WATER*, IONS, MINERALS, VITAMINS, ORGANIC MOLECULES

(NO Chemical digestion)

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5
Q

what is there early ABSORPTION of in the STOMACH

A

LIPID SOLUBLE Substances

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6
Q

what is there CHEMICAL DIGESTION of in the MOUTH

A

CARBOHYDRATES
FATS

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7
Q

what is there CHEMICAL DIGESTION of in the STOMACH

A

PROTEINS
FATS

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8
Q

PROTEINS are BROKEN DOWN into AMINO ACIDS which are USED for

A

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

& ENERGY PRODUCTION

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9
Q

COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES are BROKEN DOWN into GLUCOSE which is USED for

A

ENERGY PRODUCTION (ADP -> ATP)

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10
Q

TRIGLYCERIDES are BROKEN DOWN into GLYCEROL and FATTY ACIDS which are USED for..

A

LIPID SYNTHESIS and STORAGE

& ENERGY PRODUCTION

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11
Q

GLYCOGEN (POLYSACCHARIDE) can be BROKEN DOWN into MALTOSE (DISACCHARIDE) by which ENZYME

A

AMYLASE (Salivary)

  • hydrolyses alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds
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12
Q

MALTOSE BREAK DOWN by MALTASE into..

A

GLUCOSE (x2)

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13
Q

SUCROSE BREAK DOWN by SUCARASE into..

A

GLUCOSE & FRUCTOSE

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14
Q

LACTOSE BREAK DOWN by LACTASE into..

A

GLUCOSE & GALACTOSE

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15
Q

GLYCOGEN BREAK DOWN by AMYLASE into…

A

MALTOSE

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16
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES (gluctose, fructose, galactose) are ABSORBED into Blood stream (to liver) by/via which CELLS

A

ENTEROCYTES

  • ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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17
Q

how is GLUCOSE TRANSPORTED across ENTEROCYTES into BLOOD stream

A

at blood end: Na+ ACTIVELY PUMPED OUT by
Na+/K+ ATPase

  • establishes a conc. gradient

at BRUSH BORDER of enterocyte:
NA+ GLUCOSE SYMPORTER
as Na+ diffuses IN, GLUCOSE CARRIED WITH IT

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18
Q

how is GLUCOSE TRANSPORTED across ENTEROCYTES into BLOOD stream

A

brush border: GLUT5 TRANSPORTER

blood end: GLUT 2 tranports FRUCTOSE and Glucose/GALACTOSE

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19
Q

does FRUCTOSE ABSORPTION use NA+

A

NO

GLUT5 and GLUT 2 TRANSPORTERS

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20
Q

what is SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME

A

a condition in which your body is UNABLE to ABSORB ENOUGH NUTRIENTS from foods

because you don’t have enough small intestine

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21
Q

NA+ CONC should be ABOVE …. in JEJUNAL LUMEN for WATER ABSORPTION (transported with Na+)

A

ABOVE 90 mmol/L

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22
Q

what is there PRODUCTION and ABSORPTION of in the LARGE INTESTINE (COLONIC FERMENTATION)

A

SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS

  • ANAEROBIC BACTERIA BREAK DOWN CARBOHYDRATES into short chain fatty acids (& gases)
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23
Q

COLONIC FERMENTATION in LARGE INTESTINE GENERATES…

A

ENERGY
(eg butyrate fatty acid - energy source)

800kcal a day can be generated from COLONIC FERMENTATION and Absorption

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24
Q

NON-DIGESTIBLE POLYSACCHARIDES in LARGE INTESTINE are BROKEN DOWN into SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS and GASES (H2) By which BACTERIA?

A

FIIRMICUTES

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25
Q

what happens to SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS (SCFAs) produced in COLON by breakdown of carbohydrates

A

either used in colon
or
transported to liver or muscles

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26
Q

COLONIC FERMENTATION and its ENERGY PRODUCTION is particularly useful for FEEDING…

A

those with SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME

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27
Q

PROTEINS (exogenous/dietary or endogenous) is BROKEN DOWN by which ENZYMES into DI-PEPTIDES /TRI-PEPTIDES / AMINO ACIDS

A
  1. PEPSIN
  2. PANCREATIC PROTEASES
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28
Q

DI and TRI - PEPTIDES are TRANSPORTED INTO CELLS via which transporter..

A

PEPT1

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29
Q

what happens to DI and TRI - PEPTIDES Inside ENTEROCYTES before ABSORPTION into BLOOD

A

further DIGESTION into AMINO ACIDS

(INTRACELLULAR PEPTIDASES)

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30
Q

what happens to PROTEINS in the STOMACH before entering large intestine (after being chewed and swallowed)

A
  1. DENATURED by HCL
    - UNFOLDING of 3D STRUCTURE to REVEAL POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN
  2. PEPSIN digests to short SHORTER POLYPEPTIDES
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31
Q

what happens to PROTEINS in the SMALL INTESTINE after coming from Stomach

A
  1. TRYPSIN, CHYMOTRYPSIN, PROTEASES further digest shorter polypeptides into TRI-PEPTIDES, DI-PEPTIDES and AMINO ACIDS
  2. TRANPORTED into ENTEROCYTES, TRI-PEPTIDES and DI-PEPTIDES further broken down into AMINO ACIDS

-> ABSORBED INTO BLOOD

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32
Q

what happens to PROTEINS in the SMALL INTESTINE after coming from Stomach

A
  1. TRYPSIN, CHYMOTRYPSIN, PROTEASES further digest shorter polypeptides into TRI-PEPTIDES, DI-PEPTIDES and AMINO ACIDS
  2. TRANPORTED into ENTEROCYTES, TRI-PEPTIDES and DI-PEPTIDES further broken down into AMINO ACIDS

-> ABSORBED INTO BLOOD

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33
Q

STOMACH DIGESTS PROTEINS into…

A

SHORTER POLYPEPTIDES ready for further breakdown in small intestine

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34
Q

PROTEASE in STOMACH

A

PEPSIN

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35
Q

PROTEASES in SMALL INTESTINE

A

TRYPSIN,
CHYMOTRYPSIN

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36
Q

PEPSINOGEN (zymogen) from STOMACH CHIEF CELLS are ACTIVATED BY…

A

HCL from PARIETAL CELLS

-> TRYPSIN

(cleavage of extra 44 amino acids)

pepsinogen can be stored at low pH (inactive)

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37
Q

TRYPSINOGEN ZYMOGEN comes from…

A

PANCREAS via PANCREATIC DUCT

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38
Q

WHERE is TRYPSINOGEN ACTIVATED into TRYPSIN

A

DUODENUM

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39
Q

TRYPSINOGEN ACTIVATED into TRYPSIN BY..

A

ENTEROKINASE (from brush border)

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40
Q

what does STOMACH TURN TRIACYLGLYCEROLS INTO
(by churning)

A

DIGLYCERIDES and FATTY ACIDS

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41
Q

SMALL INTESTINE COMBINES Separated FATS/LIPIDS WITH..

A

BILE

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42
Q

STEPS of LIPID DIGESTION/ABSORPTION

A
  1. EMULSIFICATION by BILE from large fat droplet into small emulsified droplets (increased surface area)
  2. ENZYMATIC DIGESTION by PANCREATIC LIPASE from TRIGLYERIDES into FATTY ACIDS
  3. FORM MICELLES to transport to ENTEROCYTES where they break down
  4. inside enterocyte, LINK to FORM TRIGLYCERIDES
  5. in GOLGI APPARATUS, COMBINE with PROTEINS to FORM CHYLOMICRONS
  6. EXOCYTOSIS out of cell and ENTER LACTEAL (LYMPH CAPILLARY)
  7. LYMPH TRANSPORTS CHYLOMICRON AWAY FROM LARGE INTESTINE, into BLOOD STREAM (then processed by Liver)
43
Q

STRUCTURE and FUNCTION of MICELES

A

HYDROPHOBIC Interior and HYROPHILIC HEADS (OUTER)
- SOLUBLE

allow FATS to be TRANSPORTED across AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT INTO CELLS (enterocytes)

44
Q

what happens to FATTY ACIDS once they reach ENTEROCYTES

A

FORM TRIGLYCERIDES AGAIN

COMBINE with PROTEINS in GOLGI to make CHYLOMICRONS

CHYLOMICRONS ENTER LACTEAL (LYMPH CAPILLARY)

45
Q

how are FATS ABSORBED into BLOOD (transported)

A

by CHYLOMICRONS

using LYMPHATIC SYSTEM to be carried away

46
Q

CHYLOMICRONS STRUCTURE

A

INNER: TRIGLYCERIDES

OUTER: PHOSPHOLIPIDS

make fats easily transportable

47
Q

what are CHYLOMICRONS BROKEN DOWN into

A

FATTY ACIDS & a CHYLOMICRON REMNANT

48
Q

what happens to the CHYLOMICRON REMNANT

A

taken to the LIVER and CONVERTED into CHOLESTEROL

-> cholesterol BINDS to TRIACYLGLYCEROL and carried to ADIPOSE TISSUE as a VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (VLDL)

49
Q

FATTY ACIDS are STORED as what in ADIPOSE TISSUE

A

TRIACYLGLYCEROL

50
Q

ABSORPTION of products of FAT DIGESTION DEPENDS on..

A

SIZE

  • SHORT and MEDIUM CHAIN FATTY ACIDS and GLYCEROL (SMALL) are DIRECTLY ABSORBED INTO BLOOD via capillary

only LONG-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS and MONOGLYCERIDES (LARGE) form triglycerides and are transported in chylomicrons into lymph vessels

51
Q

how are SHORT and MEDIUM CHAIN FATTY ACIDS and GLYCEROL ABSORBED

A

DIRECTLY INTO BLOOD

no need for chylomicrons/lymph etc

52
Q

what can you get what fat absorption goes wrong

A

Steatorrhoea

53
Q

what helps the TRANSMISSION of CHYLOMICRONS from intestines into LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

APO B48

54
Q

what ACTIVATES LIPASE to turn Triglycerides into Fatty Acids

A

APO C2

55
Q

CHYLOMICRON REMNANT Transported to LIVER and the UPTAKE is MEDIATED by..

A

APO E

to form cholesterol or triacylglycerol -> glucose (energy generated)

56
Q

which VITAMINS are PASSIVELY ABSORBED into the SMALL INTESTINE

A

VITAMINS A, E & K

57
Q

VITAMINS A,E,K are PASSIVELY ABSORBED into SMALL INTESTINE which is FACILITATED by…

A

BILE

and incorporated into CHYLOMICRONS

58
Q

how is VITAMIN D ABSORBED

A

INCORPORATED INTO CHYLOMICRONS
and VITAMIN D BINDING PROTEIN

  • absorbed as FREE Vitamin in Jejunum
59
Q

SOURCES of VITAMIN D

A
  1. DIET
  2. SUNLIGHT: activates 7-DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL to be cahnged into PRE-D3 to D3
60
Q

VITAMIN D3 TRANSPORTED by what into Blood

A

VITAMIN D BINDING PROTEIN

61
Q

VIT D3 in the LIVER is CHANGED TO

A

25(OH)D

  • INACTIVE form
62
Q

25(OH)D is TRANSPORTED from LIVER TO KIDNEY where it is CHANGED TO

A

1-ALPHA-25(OH)D

  • ACTIVE form
63
Q

where is the ACTIVE FORM of VITAMIN D made (1-ALPHA-25(OH)D)

A

KIDNEY

64
Q

what is VITAMIN A USED for

A
  • EPITHELIAL TISSUE MAINTENANCE
  • VISION

(without: night blindness, xerophthalmia)

65
Q

what is VITAMIN D USED for

A
  • BONE CALCIFICATION (&formation)
  • PARATHYROID HORMONE PRODUCTION

(without: ricketts, osteomalacia)

66
Q

what is VITAMIN E USE

A

BIOLOGICAL ANTIOXIDANT

(without: neuromuscular problems, anaemia, retinopathy, dysarthia)

67
Q

VITAMIN K USE

A

BLOOD CLOTTING

(bleeding in absence)

68
Q

in the ABSENCE of which VITAMIN can you get NEUROMUCULAR PROBLEMS and ANEMIA

A

VITAMIN E

69
Q

which VITAMIN is important for VISION

A

VITAMIN A

70
Q

which VITAMIN is for BLOOD CLOTTING

A

VITAMIN K

71
Q

which VITAMIN is for EPITHELIAL CELL MAINTENANCE

A

VITAMIN A

72
Q

VITAMINS A/E/D/K are …SOLUBLE

A

FAT-SOLUBLE

73
Q

in VITAMIN B12 Digestion/Absorption, what happens in the
1. MOUTH

A
  • BINDS SALIVARY R-PROTEINS
74
Q

in VITAMIN B12 Digestion/Absorption, what happens in the
2. STOMACH

A

Food proteins bound are DEGRADED by low pH and pepsin to RELEASE Vit B12

BIND R-PROTEINS (from PARIETAL CELLS)

75
Q

in VITAMIN B12 Digestion/Absorption, what happens in the
3. SMALL INTESTINE

A

DUODENUM:
- CLEAVED from R-PROTEINS (degraded by pancreatic proteases)
- BIND to INTRISIC FACTOR (come from stomach parietal cells)

ILEUM:
VIT B12 with IF COMBINATION is ABSORBED in the DISTAL (last) 80 CM of ILEUM (MUCOSAL CELLS)

76
Q

in VITAMIN B12 Digestion/Absorption, what happens in the
4. BLOOD

A

enters Blood stream BOUND to TRANSCOBALAMIN (I/II/III)
-> complex known as HOLOTRANSCOBALAMIN (ACTIVE B12)

goes to LIVER and RE-CIRCULATED (ENTERO-HEPATIC)

77
Q

what does VIT B12 BIND to in its absorption throughout the body

A
  1. R-PROTEINS (Saliva, Stomach)
  2. INTRINSIC FACTOR (in duodenum)
  3. TRANSCOBALAMIN
78
Q

ACTIVE VITAMIN B12 KNOWN AS

A

HOLOTRANSCOBALAMIN in blood

79
Q

what do stomach PARIETAL CELLS SECRETE for B12 ABSORPTION

A
  • R-PROTEINS in stomach
  • INTRINSIC FACTOR
80
Q

WHERE is B12 ABSORBED into BLOOD

A

DISTAL 80 CM of ILEUM

81
Q

FUNCTION of VIT B1, THIAMINE

A

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

82
Q

FUNCTION of VIT B2, RIBOFLAVIN

A

HYDROGEN TRANSFER

83
Q

FUNCTION of VIT B6, PYRIDOXINE

A

PROTEIN METABOLISM

84
Q

FUNCTION of VIT B3, NIACIN

A

HYDROGEN TRANSFER

85
Q

FUNCTION of FOLIC ACID

A

SINGLE-CARBON METABOLISM

86
Q

FUNCTION of VIT B12, CYANOCOBALAMIN

A

RED BLOOD CELL FORMATION

87
Q

which VITAMIN is used for CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

A

VITAMIN B1, THIAMINE

88
Q

which VITAMIN is used for SINGLE-CARBON METABOLISM

A

FOLIC ACID

89
Q

which VITAMIN is used for PROTEIN METABOLISM

A

VIT B6, PYRIDOXINE

90
Q

which VITAMIN is used for RED BLOOD CELL FORMATION

A

VIT B12, CYANOCOBALAMI

91
Q

which VITAMIN is used for HYDROGEN TRANSFER

A

B2, RIBOFLAVIN
B3, NIACIN

92
Q

which VITAMIN is used for RED BLOOD CELL FORMATION

A

VIT B12, CYANOCOBALAMI

93
Q

how is IRON TRANSPORTED INTO CELLS for absorption

A
  1. FE 2+ REDUCED to FE2+ (DCYTB)
  2. transported via DMT1 with H+
  • HEME BOUND transported via HCP1
    and releases FE2+
94
Q

how is IRON ABSORBED INTO BLOOD, FROM CELLS

A
  1. FE2+ VIA FPN1 ACTIVE TRANSPORTER
  2. HEPH allows OXIDATION of FE2+ INTO FE3+
  3. FE3+ BINDS APOTRANSFERRIN
    to form TRANSFERRIN
95
Q

CALCIUM is ABSORBED PASSIVELY throughout SMALL INTESTINE
what happens when there is LOW CA2+?

A
  • ACTIVE ABSORPTION
  • NEEDS adequate levels of VITAMIN D - 1,25 (OH)D
96
Q

which MINERALS are used as METALLOENZYMES

A

COPPER and ZINC

97
Q

which MINERAL is used for HAEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS

A

IRON

98
Q

which MINERAL is used for CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

A

CHROMIUM

99
Q

which MINERAL is used for ORGANIC MATRIX of BONE

A

MANGANESE

100
Q

which MINERAL is used for THYROID HORMONES

A

IODINE

101
Q

which MINERAL is used for CONVERSION of T4 to T3

A

SELENIUM

102
Q

what can you get from COPPER DEFICIENCY

A

Wilsons disease
anaemia
neutropenia

103
Q

what can you get from ZINC DEFICIENCY

A

Alopecia
Dermatitis
Diarrhoea
Anorexia
Dysarthia
Pica

104
Q

what are ABSORBED from LARGE INTESTINE

A

WATER,
ELECTROLYTES,
SMALL CHAIN FATTY ACID

Gastrointestinal (19 decks)

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