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Gastrointestinal > 3. Anatomy of the Abdomen 2 (HARC) GI Tract, peritoneum, embryology, anal canal > Flashcards

3. Anatomy of the Abdomen 2 (HARC) GI Tract, peritoneum, embryology, anal canal Flashcards

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1
Q

the GI TRACT is a HOLLOW TUBE with different regions specialised to facilitate which actions:

A
  • MECHANICAL DIGESTION
  • CHEMICAL DIGESTION
  • WATER REABSORPTION
  • Formation, Storage, Expulsion of FAECES
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2
Q

BELOW the DIAPHRAGM what are the MUSCULAR TUBE elements of GI Tract

A
  • OESOPHAGUS
  • STOMACH
  • SMALL INTESTINE
  • LARGE INTESTINE
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3
Q

BELOW DIAPHRAGM, ACCESSORY ORGANS of GI Tract

A
  • LIVER
  • GALLBLADDER
  • PANCREAS
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4
Q

the STOMACH (J-shaped) is HIGHLY..

A

DISTENSIBLE (can EXPAND)

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5
Q

what are the 4 REGIONS of the STOMACH

A
  • CARDIA (surrounds opening of oesophagus)
  • FUNDUS (superior)
  • BODY
  • PYLORUS (last)
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6
Q

name the 2 SPHINCTERS of the STOMACH

A
  1. LOWER OESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER
    (physiological - prevents backflow)
  2. PYLORIC SPHINCTER
    (Anatomical - muscle contracted to keep closed)
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7
Q

what are the 3 LAYERS of SMOOTH MUSCLE in the STOMACH

A

LONGITUDINAL
CIRCULAR
OBLIQUE

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8
Q

what do the SMOOTH MUSCLE of the STOMACH allow for

A

powerful CHURNING
- MECHANICAL DIGESTION

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9
Q

what are the names of the FOLDS in the MUCOSA of the stomach that LINE in

A

RUGAE

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10
Q

what do the RUGAE of the STOMACH allow for

A

INCREASE SURFACE
& allow for STOMACH EXPANSION

(flatten when stomach fills)

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11
Q

STOMACH releases CHYME (semi-fluid of partially digested food) into the..

A

DUODENUM (1st part small intestine)

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12
Q

STOMACH RELEASE of CHYME INTO DUODEUM is controlled / occurs via the..

A

PYLORIC SPHINCTER

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13
Q

1ST PART of DUODEUM is at which level

A

L1

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14
Q

SMALL INTESTINE is a MUSCULAR TUBE which 3 PARTS:

A
  1. DUODENUM
  2. JEJUNUM
  3. ILEUM
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15
Q

what is in the WALL of the SMALL INTESTINE and what is this for

A

MUSCLE LAYERS

  • MIX and MOVE FOOD
    (mechanical digestion)
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16
Q

what is in the MUCOSA of the SMALL INTESTINE and what is this for

A

CIRCULAR FOLDS
- INCREASE SURFACE AREA (have VILLI and MICROVILLI on surface)

& slow chyme down

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17
Q

purpose of CONCENTRIC/CIRCULAR FOLDS in the MUCOSA of the SMALL INTESTINE

A

INCREASE SURFACE AREA

(VILLI & MICROVILLI)

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18
Q

UNIQUE Feature about the DUODENUM and why is this

A

IMMOBILE
- as it RECEIVES INPUT from the ACCESSORY ORGANS

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19
Q

in which QUADRANT is JEJUNUM

A

LEFT UPPER

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20
Q

in which QUADRANT is ILEUM

A

RIGHT LOWER

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21
Q

subtle vascular and internal DIFFERENCES between JEJUNUM and ILEUM

A

Jejunum : MORE VASCULAR (‘church wall’ shapes)
LARGER,
WIDER Lumen diameter
THICKER MUSCULAR WALL

MORE CIRCULAR FOLDS

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22
Q

how do the CIRCULAR FOLDS change from JEJUNUM to ILEUM

A

become gradually LESS PROMINENT

  • MORE in JEJUNUM (therefore MORE ABSORPTION)
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23
Q

LARGE INTESTINE / COLON is from the … to the …

A

from ILIOCAECAL JUNCTION
to
RECTUM

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24
Q

parts of LARGE INTESTINE

A
  1. CAECUM & APPENDIX
  2. ASCENDING COLON

~ HEPATIC FLEXURE

  1. TRANSVERSE COLON

~ SPLENIC FLEXURE

  1. DESCENDING COLON
  2. SIGMOID COLON (S shape)
  3. RECTUM
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25
name of the LARGE POUCHES on LARGE INTESTINE
HAUSTRA
26
name of the THIN BAND of MUSCLE found on LARGE INTESTINE
TAENIA COLI
27
what other UNIQUE FEATURE can be found on LARGE INTESTINES
FATTY TAGS
28
PRIMARY FUNCTION of the LARGE INTESTINES
WATER REABSORPTION -> to Create and Excrete FAECES
29
what is the PERITONEUM
THIN, SEROUS MEMBRANE that lines the ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY and COVERS its VISCERA (like pleura / pericardium)
30
2 things PERITONEUM does
- produces SEROUS FLUID to LUBRICATE MOBILE ORGANS - offers a SAFE PASSAGEWAY for NERVES / BLOOD / LYMPH (run in small gaps between the peritoneum, prevent twisting etc)
31
2 LAYERS of PERITONEUM
- PARIETAL : on WALLS - VISCERAL: on ORGANS both are 1 CONTINUOUS STRUCTURE (single layers)
32
where are RETROPERITONEAL Organs
BEHIND (POSTERIOR) PERITONEUM - only their ANTERIOR SURFACE is COVERED by peritoneum FIXED to POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL (IMMOBILE) (in retroperitoneal space)
33
why are VISCERA in RETROPERITONEAL SPACE IMMOBILE
they are FIXED to POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL (and anteriorly held in place by peritoneum)
34
examples of RETROPERITONEAL Structures
GI Tract: OESOPHAGUS, DUODENUM, PANCREAS, ASCENDING COLON, DESCENDING COLON, RECTUM other: AORTA, IVC, KIDNEYS & SUPRARENAL GLANDS, URETERS
35
how are INTRAPERITONEAL structures
SURROUNDED BY PERITONEUM (covering all sides) - MOBILE, FREE-FLOWING structures SUSPENDED by a MESENTERY eg Stomach, Jejunum, Ileum
36
INTRAPERITONEAL Structures are SUSPENDED BY a..
MESENTERY - DOUBLE LAYER OF PERITONEUM, 2 PARALLEL LAYERS Between Organ and Wall where single visceral and parietal peritoneum come together
37
MESENTERY is ... LAYERED
DOUBLE 2 PARALLEL layers of PERITONEUM Visceral (single) Parietal (single)
38
where is 'THE MESENTERY'
in the SMALL INTESTINE (JEJUNUM, ILEUM) - Biggest, most extensive mesentery
39
Name of the MESENTERY of the TRANSVERSE COLON
TRANSVERSE MESOCOLON
40
Name of the MESENTERY of the SIGMOIDAL COLON
SIGMOID MESOCOLON
41
Each MESENTERY has an ATTACHMENT to the ABDOMINAL WALL CALLED A..
ROOT eg. ROOT of THE MESENTERY, ROOT OF THE TRANSVERSE MESOCOLON
42
what is a ROOT of a MESENTERY
where it ATTACHES to the ABDOMINAL WALL
43
EMBRYOLOGICALLY, what is the GI TRACT / whole GI System DERIVED FROM
single GUT TUBE (primitive structure only in embryo) - becomes Hollow GI Tract - ACCESSORY ORGANS develop as BUDS (DIVERTICULAE) which STEM FROM THE TUBE
44
EMBRYOLOGICALLY, how do the ACCESSORY ORGANS form
as DIVERTICULAE / BUDS from the MAIN GUT TUBE Pancreas from 2 diverticulae which later fuse, liver and gallbladder from single diverticulae
45
GUT TUBE has 3 PARTS:
FOREGUT, MIDGUT, HINDGUT
46
what is DERIVED from the FOREGUT (GUT TUBE)
- LOWER OESOPHAGUS - STOMACH - 1st and 2nd parts DUODENUM - LIVER - GALLBLADDER - PANCREAS
47
what is DERIVED from the MIDGUT (GUT TUBE)
- rest of SMALL INTESTINE: 3rd and 4th parts DUODENUM, JUJENUM, ILEUM - CAECUM (& APPENDIX) - ASCENDING COLON - 3/4 TRANSVERSE COLON
48
what is DERIVED from the HINDGUT (GUT TUBE)
- last 1/4 TRANSVERSE COLON - DESCENDING COLON - SIGMOIDAL COLON - RECTUM
49
At WEEK 5, what form from the DUODENUM
DIVERTICULA BUD - develop into ACCESSORY ORGANS and their DUCTS: hence LIVER, GALLBLADDER, PANCREAS empty INTO DUODENUM (papilla)
50
why do LIVER, GALLBLADDER and PANCREAS drain into the DUODENUM
they FORM FROM THE DUODENUM - DIVERTICULA BUD at week 5
51
how do the LIVER and STOMACH MOVE after FORMATION (embryology)
LIVER moves LEFT STOMACH ROTATES towards liver and moves RIGHT
52
describe DEVELOPMENT of MIDGUT in EMBRYO
- Massive INCREASE in LENGTH - begins to FOLD - HERNIATES OUT OF BODY THROUGH UMBILICUS - 270 DEGREE ANTI-CLOCKWISE ROTATION around SMA axis - HERNIATED BOWEL RETURNS to abdomen, more GROWTH and REPOSITIONED into adult position
53
Embryology: what DEVELOPS SIMULTANEOUSLY to the MIDGUT
HINDGUT
54
Embryology: MIDGUT HERNIATES out of the body via the..
UMBILICUS
55
Embryology: MIDGUT undergoes a series of ROTATIONS. what is the TOTAL ROTATION degree and direction?
270 DEGREES ANTI-CLOCKWISE
56
Embryology: MIDGUT ROTATES 270 DEGREES ANTI-CLOCKWISE around the AXIS of the..
SMA (SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY) (therefore blood supply)
57
Embryology: the 3RD and 4TH parts of the DUODENUM are DERIVED from which part of the EMBRYONIC GUT TUBE?
MIDGUT
58
Embryology: how much of the TRANSVERSE COLON is DERIVED from the HINDGUT
last 1/4TH (first 3/4 Midgut)
59
Embryology: LIVER, GALLBLADDER, PANCREAS are DERIVED from which part of embryonic GUT TUBE
FOREGUT
60
the ANAL CANAL is BETWEEN the.. and ..
PELVIC FLOOR and ANUS (opening) (in anal triangle)
61
ANORECTAL JUNCTION is at the..
PELVIC FLOOR (Anal canal is NARROWER than Rectum)
62
how is CONTROL of the INTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER
AUTONOMIC - INVOLUNTARY/unconscious (SMOOTH MUSCLE) S2,S3,S4
63
which SPINAL NERVES CONTROL INTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER
S2,S3,S4 - Autonomic
64
How is CONTROL of the EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER
SOMATIC - VOLUNTARY/conscious (Skeletal muscle) S2,S3,S4 - PUDENDAL NERVE
65
INNVERVATION to EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER (skeletal muscles) by..
S2,S3,S4 - PUDENDAL NERVE
66
PECTINATE LINE on the ANAL CANAL does what
DIVIDES the UPPER and LOWER portions
67
what are the ANAL COLUMNS in ANAL CANAL
VERTICAL FOLDS in the Mucosa ANAL SINUSES between (gaps between folds)
68
what are BETWEEN the ANAL COLUMNS (Vertical Folds) in the ANAL CANAL
ANAL SINUSES
69
what are the ANAL VALVES in the ANAL CANCAL
HORIZONTAL FOLDS in the Mucosa - HOLD FLUID in the GI Tract and prevent it seeping out of the body
70
what does the WHITE LINE mark in the ANAL CANAL
the TRANSITION from KERATINIZED TO NON-KERATINIZED EPITHELIA
71
what feature DIVIDES the ANAL CANAL into UPPER and LOWER portions
PECTINATE LINE
72
WHITE LINE in ANAL CANAL marks the TRANSITION between what type of EPITHELIUM
KERATINIZED --> NON-KERATINIZED

Gastrointestinal (19 decks)

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