4. Ingestion of a Meal Flashcards by Ibby Khan

BONES of MASTICATION:

MAXILLA
MANDIBLE
TEMPORAL
HYOID
SKULL
SPINE

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which MUSCLES of MASTICATION CLOSE the Jaw

TEMPORALIS
from temporal fossa, inserts onto coronoid process of mandible
MASSETER
from zygomatic process of maxilla, insets into the angle and ramus of the mandible

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what does the TEMPORALIS MUSCLE do and where is it ATTACHED (from/to)

CLOSES the JAW

arises FROM TEMPORAL FOSSA
INSERTS onto CORONOID PROCESS of MANDIBLE

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what does the MASSETER MUSCLE do and where is it ATTACHED (from/to)

CLOSES the JAW

arises FROM ZYGOMATIC PROCESS of MAXILLA
INSERTS into the ANGLE and RAMUS of MANDIBLE

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which MUSCLES of MASTICATION OPEN the JAW

LATERAL PTERYGOID
arises from Sphenoid, insets onto Condyloid process of Mandible
DIGASTRIC
(double belly) connect Jaw and Skull to the Hyoid
Posterior: arises from mastoid notch
Anterior: arises from Lower border of Mandible
INFRAHYOID
(strap) (4 pairs of muscle)
connects Hyoid to Clavicle

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what does LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE do and where does it ATTACH

OPENS JAW

attaches from SPHENOID
onto CONDYLOID PROCESS of MANDIBLE

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what does DIGASTRIC MUSCLE do and where does it ATTACH/CONNECT

OPENS JAW

Double:
POSTERIOR - connects MASTOID NOTCH (skull) to HYOID

ANTERIOR- connects Lower border of MANDIBLE to HYOID

jaw and skull to hyoid

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DIGASTRIC MUSCLE CONNECTS the Mandible/jaw and Skull (Mastoid Notch) to the…

HYOID bone

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INFRAHYOID MUSCLE has how many Pairs of muscle

4 PAIRS

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what does INFRAHYOID MUSLCE do and what does it CONNECT

OPENS JAW

connects HYOID to CLAVICLE

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INFRAHYOID MUSCLE connects HYOID to the…

CLAVICLE

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LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE attaches the SPHENOID to the …. of the MANDIBLE

CONDYLOID PROCESS of Mandible

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MASSETER MUSCLE arises from the … of the MAXILLA and inserts into the … and … of the MANDIBLE

ZYGOMATIC PROCESS of Maxilla
to
ANGLE and RAMUS of MANDIBLE

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ALL MUSCLES of MASTICATION are INNERVATED by …

MANDIBULAR BRANCH of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE (V)

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The PURPOSE of MASTICATION is to…

reduce food to a SWALLOWABLE BOLUS
and
COAT IT with MUCUS (safely swallow without damaging/scratching oesophagus)

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is MASTICATION Voluntary or Involuntary

VOLUNTARY

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how are the CONTROLS of MASTICATION

VOLUNTARY
REFLEXES - jaw unloading reflex (open), jaw-jerk reflex (close)
BRAIN STEM PATTERN GENERATOR allows for Ability to chew
FINE TUNING of chewing movements via SENSORY PROPRIOCEPTIVE FEEDBACK through PERIODONTAL LIGAMENTS and PROPRIOCEPTORS
a CHANGE in OCCLUSION (way your teeth meet when your jaws bite together eg following dentistry) will ALTER CHEWING PATTERN

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we develop the ABILITY to CHEW through..

BRAIN STEM PATTERN GENERATOR

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what are the MASTICATION REFLEXES

JAW UNLOADING reflex (open)
JAW-JERK reflex (close)

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what is PROPRIOCEPTIVE FEEDBACK in MASTICATION

FINE TUNING VIA SENSORY PROPRIOCEPTIVE FEEDBACK

through PERIODONTAL LIGAMENTS (attach teeth to jaw) and PROPRIOCEPTORS

proprioceptive feedback as teeth come together allows smooth closing of jaw

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what are the 3 MOVEMENTS of MASTICATION that the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT (TMJ) allows

OPEN & CLOSE (HINGE-LIKE)
ie sharks
LATERAL (move jaw SIDE TO SIDE)
ie cows
PROTRUSION & RETRACTION (forward, backward)
ie squirrels

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what type of Joint is the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT

SYNOVIAL JOINT

(Diarthrosis - freely moveable)

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TMJ is SYNOVIAL with ARTICULAR CAPSULE and SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
this allows it to be..

VERY MOBILE

DIARTHROSIS (freely movable joint)

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why is TMJ a BILATERAL JOINT

Both JOINTS work together
- one on either side of mandible

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what does the ARTICULAR DISC do in the TMJ

DIVIDES UPPER and LOWER SYNOVIAL COMPARTMENTS upper: Sliding (arthrodial) Lower: Rotational (ginglymus)

UPPER SYNOVIAL COMPARTMENT of TMJ allows for..

SLIDING movement - ARTHRODIAL

LOWER SYNOVIAL COMPARTMENT of TMJ allows for..

ROTATIONAL movement - GINGLYMUS

TMJ is also a ... JOINT in regards to its movements

GINGLYMOARTHRODIAL ginglymus - rotational (lower) arthrodial - sliding (upper)

what are the FUNCTIONS of SALIVA

- TOOTH MAINTENANCE Dilution, Clearance, Buffering - LUBRICATION - ANTIBACTERIAL/ANTIFUNGAL - DIGESTIVE (enzymes)

how does SALIVA allow TOOTH MAINTENANCE

by - DILUTION (of sugars) - CLEARANCE (swallowing) - BUFFERING - high Bicarbonate conc. (HCO3-) for acid from plaque bacteria

what happens to (PLAQUE) pH AFTER a MEAL

DROPS - PLAQUE BACTERIA MAKE ACID

what is the CRITIAL pH LEVEL, BELOW which TEETH DEMINERALISE

5.5

after a MEAL, as pH DROPS below 5.5 (critical pH) how is brought BACK UP

SALIVA PRODUCTION - BUFFERS (HCO3- conc.)

what happens BELOW pH 5.5 and why

TEETH DEMINERALISE - saliva no longer saturated with CALCIUM and PHOSPHATE

what is the name of the CURVE that show TEETH MAINTENANCE by BUFFERING

STEPHEN CURVE - PLAQUE PH against TIME rapidly DROPS, then should come back up faster coming up is ideal prolonged increase or no increase (no saliva production) is bad

what component of SALIVA makes it good for LUBRICATION

Salivary GLYCOPROTEINS - which are STICKY

STICKY SALIVARY GLYCOPROTEINS allow saliva to..

form a THIN LAYER ON the ORAL SURFACES and on FOOD important for mastication, deglutition, talking

how is SALIVA ANTIBACTERIAL/ANTIFUNGAL

PROTECTIVE BARRIER contains IgA, LYSOZYME (kill pathogens) etc..

which ANTIBODY can you find in SALIVA

IgA

what does SALIVA contain that gives its DIGESTIVE function

Salivary AMYLASE LINGUAL LIPASE

DEGLUTITION at ORAL/BUCCAL level:

VOLUNTARY - bolus pushed to back of mouth by TONGUE - TEETH brought together - SOFT PALATE ELEVATES to CLOSE NASAL CAVITY - LARYNX RISES to CLOSE AIRWAYS

DEGLUTITION at PHARYNGEAL level:

INVOLUNTARY (Reflex) - CRICOPHARYNGEAL SPHINCTER RELAXES to OPEN OESOPHAGUS - EPIGLOTTIS steers the bolus OVER the TRACHEA -> PERISTALSIS starts (Oesophageal level: peristalsis)

SALIVARY GLANDS are INNERVATED by which CRANIAL NERVES

VII (7) FACIAL NERVE IX (9) GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL

3 PAIRS of SALIVARY GLANDS are:

PAROTID SUBLINGUAL (below tongue) SUBMANDIBULAR (below mandible) + MINOR GLANDS

FACIAL NERVE INNERVATES which SALIVARY GLAND(S)

SUBMANDIBULAR & SUBLINGUAL glands

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (9) INNERVATES which SALIVARY GLAND(S)

PAROTID

which is the LARGEST SALIVARY GLAND

PAROTID

SALIVARY GLANDS control is sympathetic or parasympathetic?

PARASYMPATHETIC

FACIAL NERVE (7) receives PARASYMPATHETIC INPUT from the..

SUPERIOR SALIVARY NUCLEI - PONS

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (9) receives PARASYMPATHETIC INPUT from the..

INFERIOR SALIVARY NUCLEI - MEDULLA

what are the STIMULANTS of SALIVA PRODUCTION / RELEASE

MASTICATION (chewing) TASTE SMELL ANTICIPATION - Thought of food (release)

what can INHIBIT SALIVA PRODUCTION

FEAR

FACIAL NERVE receives parasympathetic input from which SALIVARY NUCLEI and where is it

SUPERIOR - PONS

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE receives parasympathetic input from which SALIVARY NUCLEI and where is it

INFERIOR - MEDULLA

PAROTID GLAND is INNERVATED by..

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (9)

SUBMANDIBULAR and SUBLINGUAL GLANDS are INNERVATED by..

FACIAL NERVE (7)

what do all SALIVARY GLANDS SECRETE

PROTEIN and FLUID

PAROTID GLAND has what type of SECRETION

SEROUS (watery, runny)

SUBLINGUAL GLAND has what type of SECRETION

MUCOUS (thick)

SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND has what type of SECRETION

MUCOUS (thick)

MINOR GLANDS have what type of SECRETION

MUCOUS

which GLANDS have MUCUOUS SECRETIONS

MINOR GLANDS & SUBLINGUAL

which GLAND(S) have SEROUS SECRETIONS

PAROTID

which GLAND(S) have MIXED SECRETIONS (serous and mucous)

SUBMANDIBULAR

what is the CONSTITUENCY of SALIVA DETERMINED BY

the NATURE of the secreted PROTEIN

what types of CELLS in the SALIVARY GLANDS PRODUCE SALIVA

ACINAR CELLS (grape-like) SEROUS ACINUS and MUCUS ACINUS

what is a SEROUS DEMILUNE

2ND LAYER of CELLS in an ACINUS - Mucous acinus layer, serous acinus on top (half moon cross section)

what are the DUCTS that the ACINAR CELLS RELEASE SALIVA into, to travel down and enter MOUTH

1. INTERCALATED DUCT (like acinar cells but don't secrete protein) 2. STRIATED DUCT (MODIFY salivary secretions) 3. EXCRETORY DUCT (carry to mouth)

what type of CELLS SURROUND the ACINAR CELLS and what do they do

MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS - CONTRACT and squeeze produced saliva into ducts

which DUCT in SALIVARY GLAND MODIFIES the salivary secretions

STRIATED DUCT

2 SIDES around ACINAR CELLS

- Basolateral or Blood side - Apical or Lumen side has brush border to increase SA

What do ACINAR CELLS have a LOT of

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (protein synthesis) and SECRETORY VESICLES (on apical/lumen side)

what BINDS to ACINAR CELLS to stimulate PROTEIN PRODUCTION/SECRETION

NORADRENALINE (SYMPATHETIC)

what BINDS to ACINAR CELLS to stimulate FLUID production/secretion

ACETYLCHOLINE (PARASYMPATHETIC)

INCREASED PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY also INCREASES .... to the GLANDS

BLOOD FLOW

what is the process called whereby PROTEIN and FLUID SECRETION is stimulated from the SALIVARY GLANDS

STIMULUS-SECRETION COUPLING

NORADRENALINE BINDS to ... to stimulate PROTEIN Production/Secretion

G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR : BETA ANDRENERGIC RECEPTOR

how does NORADRENALINE binding to G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR (BETA ANDRENERGIC) on ACINAR CELLS stimulate PROTEIN production and release

G-PROTEIN is activated - alpha subunit activates ADENYLATE CYCLASE -> converts ATP to CYCLIC AMP CYCLIC AMP stimulates protein synthesis and secretion

in what ways does CYCLIC AMP in the ACINAR cells allow for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS and SECRETION

1. stimulates GENE TRANSCRIPTION in NUCLEUS for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 2. in ER and GOLGI stimulates GLYCOSYLATION of PROTEINS 3. stimulates EXOCYTOSIS

which PROTEIN in SALIVA is NOT MADE by ACINAR CELLS

IgA - Transported across the cell by POLYMERIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECEPTOR (PIgR)

name of RECEPTOR that IgA BINDS to on ACINAR CELLS and how does is it secreted

BINDS to POLYMERIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECEPTOR (PIgR) - ENDOCYTOSIS of the RECEPTOR WITH IgA bound - TRANSCYTOSIS across the cell - EXOCYTOSIS and RELEASE of IgA with a bit of the RECEPTOR ASSOCIATED

for FLUID SECRETION ACETYLCHOLINE BINDS to which RECEPTOR on ACINAR CELLS

M3 MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR - G PROTEIN COUPLED

in ACINAR CELLS, the binding of ACETYL CHOLINE to G-PROTEIN COUPLED receptor (M3 MUSCARINIC) causes ACTIVATION of which TARGET ENZYME which GENERATES...

PHOSPHOLIPASE C generates 2nd messenger: IP3 (Inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate)

what does 2ND MESSENGER IP3 cause in ACINAR CELLS (fluid secretion)

binds IP3 Receptors mostly on ER - receptors are also CALCIUM CHANNELS -> RELEASE INTRACELLULAR Ca2+ INCREASE in CA2+ in ACINAR CELLS triggers secretory response

how does the INCREASE in Ca2+ in ACINAR CELLS, cause FLUID SECRETION

ACTIVATION of CA2+ CHANNEL on APICAL SIDE of ACINAR cell membrane - Ca2+ OUT ACTIVATION of K+ CHANNEL on BASOLATERAL SIDE of Acinar cell membrane - K+ OUT APICAL SIDE made MORE NEGATIVE than Basolateral -> DRIVES NA+ SECRETION (between cells from basolateral to apical) creates OSMOTIC GRADIENT for FLUID (H2O) SECRETION

what is the 1ST MESSENGER in FLUID SECRETION from ACINAR CELLS

ACETYLCHOLINE

2ND MESSENGERS in FLUID SECRETION from ACINAR CELLS

- IP3 - INCREASE Ca2+

summary of the 6 STEPS in FLUID SECRETION

1. RECEPTOR ACTIVATION (from acetylcholine) 2. IP3 generated (using phospholipase C) 3. INCREASE Ca2+ conc. 4. ION CHANNEL ACTIVATION (Ca2+ and K+) 5. ELECTROLYTE SECRETION (Na+) 6. FLUID SECRETION

2ND MESSENGER in PROTEIN SECRETION from ACINAR CELLS

CYCLIC AMP

what is XEROSTOMIA

DRY MOUTH - insufficient / no saliva

what can result from XEROSTOMIA

- RAMPANT CARIES - CANDIDA INFECTION

CAUSES of XEROSTOMIA

- DRUGS ANALGESICS, ANTI-HYPERTENSIVES, ANTI-DEPRESSANTS - RADIOTHERAPY (can damage salivary glands) - DISEASE eg Sjogren's syndrome

example of a common DISEASE that can cause XEROSTOMIA and what is it

SJOGER'S SYNDROME - AUTOIMMUNE causes SALIVARY GLAND DYSFUNCTION and ATROPHY

4. Ingestion of a Meal Flashcards

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