2.3 Anatomy of the Abdomen (HARC) LIVER,PANCREAS,GALLBLADDER

Question 1

what is the LARGEST GLAND in the body

Answer 1

the LIVER

Question 2

LIVER colour (reddish/brown) can vary depending on the … content

Answer 2

Fat content

Question 3

LIVER performs a wide variety of METABOLIC ACTIVITIES required for..

Answer 3

HOMEOSTASIS, NUTRITION, IMMUNE DEFENCE

Question 4

ROLES of the LIVER:

Answer 4

• REMOVAL and BREAKDOWN of (potentially) TOXIC materials from the BLOOD
• REGULATION of BLOOD GLUCOSE and LIPIDS
• STORAGE of certain VITAMINS, IRON and other micronutrients
• SYNTHESIS of PROTEINS and CLOTTING FACTORS (HEPARIN)
• METABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS
• BILE PRODUCTION
• populated by Phagocytic MACROPHAGES

Question 5

is GI, LIVER is important for PRODUCTION and SECRETION of..

Answer 5

BILE

Question 6

What does the LIVER do for BLOOD

Answer 6

FILTRATION
- REMOVAL of BACTERIA and FOREIGN PARTICLES that have gained entrance into the Blood from the Lumen of the SMALL INTESTINE

Question 7

what SYNTHESISED by LIVER that has an important DETOXIFICATION FUNCTION

Answer 7

HEPARIN - an ANTICOAGULANT (blood thinner)

Question 8

where is the LIVER found

Answer 8

UPPER part of ABDOMINAL CAVITY (upper right, extends to left)
just beneath Diaphragm, under right Costal margin (should not be palpable)

Question 9

2 main SURFACES of the LIVER:

Answer 9

• DIAPHRAGMATIC: ANTERIOR, SUPERIOR, POSTERIOR
  smooth, domed, lying against inferior surface of diaphragm
• VISCERAL: INFERIOR
  covered with visceral peritoneum

Question 10

what RECESSES are associated with the DIAPHRAGMATIC SURFACE of the LIVER

Answer 10

SUBPHRENIC
HEPATORENAL

Question 11

VISCERAL SURFACE of the LIVER is covered with VISCERAL PERITONEUM EXCEPT where..

Answer 11

• FOSSA for the GALLBLADDER
• the PORTA HEPATIS
• BARE AREA

Question 12

LIVER is DIVIDED into LEFT & RIGHT LOBES by which structures?

Answer 12

FOSSAE for the GALLBLADDER
and the IVC

Question 13

Which LOBE of the LIVER is BIGGER

Answer 13

RIGHT LOBE

Question 14

2 LOBES in the LIVER arising from the RIGHT Lobe visible on Posterior Surface

Answer 14

CAUDATE LOBE (more superior) & QUADRATE LOBE (more inferior)

Question 15

FUNCTIONALLY which LIVER Lobe are the CAUDATE and QUADRANT LOBES related to

Answer 15

LEFT LOBE
- in relation to BLOOD SUPPLY, VENOUS DRAINAGE, and HEPATIC DUCTS

Question 16

SEGMENTS of the LIVER are called:

Answer 16

COUINAUD SEGMENT

Question 17

each LIVER SEGMENT (8) is Wedge-shaped with APEX POINTING towards the..

Answer 17

Hepatic HILUM

Question 18

at the APEX of a LIVER SEGMENT what is ENTERING

Answer 18

single segmental branch of
- PORTAL VEIN (from gut/spleen)
- HEPATIC ARTERY
- BILE DUCT

Question 19

in the SIDES of each LIVER SEGMENT there is VENOUS OUTFLOW through what

Answer 19

HEPATIC VEINS (liver to IVC to Heart)

• which run in 3 VERTICAL PLANES that SEPARATE the Segments

Question 20

difference between PORTAL and HEPATIC VEINS in the LIVER

Answer 20

Portal: brings Deoxy blood FROM the GUT/SPLEEN to liver (rich, nutritious)

Hepatic: Deoxy blood FROM LIVER TO the IVC

Question 21

LIGAMENT visible on ANTERIOR surface of LIVER between Left and Right Lobes

Answer 21

FALCIFORM LIGAMENT

Question 22

LIGAMENTS visible on POSTERIOR surface of LIVER

Answer 22

LEFT & RIGHT TRIANGULAR LIGAMENTS
CORONARY LIGAMENT

Question 23

LIGAMENTS visible on POSTERIOR surface of LIVER

Answer 23

LEFT & RIGHT TRIANGULAR LIGAMENTS
CORONARY LIGAMENT

Question 24

what is the LIVER completely SURROUNDED by

Answer 24

a FIBROUS CAPSULE

Question 25

LIVER is made up of... with ..

Answer 25

liver LOBULES - with CENTRAL VEIN in each (tributary of Hepatic Veins, drain into IVC)

Question 26

what are in the SPACES between the Liver LOBULES

Answer 26

PORTAL CANALS contain branches of the HEPATIC ARTERY, PORTAL VEIN, BILE DUCT - 'PORTAL TRIAD'

Question 27

how does the Arterial and Venous BLOOD PASS BETWEEN Liver CELLS (HEPATOCYTES) by means of the...

Answer 27

by means of the SINUSOIDS - and DRAIN INTO the CENTRAL VEIN

Question 28

what does a PORTAL TRIAD consist of (LIVER) / Portal Hepatis

Answer 28

- PORTAL VEIN - HEPATIC ARTERY - BILE DUCT

Question 29

what does BILE do

Answer 29

DIGESTS and ABSORBS FAT and FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS in the SMALL INTESTINE and ELIMINATES WASTE PRODUCTS including BILIRUBIN (from breakdown of RBCs)

Question 30

WHERE does BILE DIGEST/ABSORB FAT or Fat-soluble vitamins and Eliminate WASTE products

Answer 30

SMALL INTESTINE

Question 31

BILE is PRODUCED and SECRETED by HEPATOCYTES at what constant RATE

Answer 31

40 ml per Hour

Question 32

HEPATOCYTES SECRETE BILE into ... which flows INTO BILE DUCTS

Answer 32

CANALICULI

Question 33

when not in use / when Digestion is NOT taking place, where is BILE STORED and CONCENTRATED (5-fold)

Answer 33

in the GALLBLADDER

Question 34

from RIGHT / LEFT HEPATIC DUCTS (from R/L Lobes) where does BILE go

Answer 34

into COMMON HEPATIC DUCT -> BILE DUCT -> DUODENUM (descending part) -> PANCREAS

Question 35

where does BILE go from the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT when NOT NEEDED

Answer 35

common Hepatic duct -> CYSTIC DUCT -> GALLBLADDER

Question 36

where does BILE go from the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT when NOT NEEDED (which duct)

Answer 36

common Hepatic duct -> CYSTIC DUCT -> GALLBLADDER

Question 37

EXOCRINE portion of the PANCREAS SECRETES ENZYMES capable of..

Answer 37

HYDROLYSING PROTEINS, FATS, CARBOHYDRATES

Question 38

LOCATION of PANCREAS (Lobulated Gland)

Answer 38

Lies in EPIGASTRIUM sits on POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL - ANTERIOR to AORTA and IVC - Retroperitoneal

Question 39

how much of the PANCREAS gland tissue is EXOCRINE

Answer 39

≥ 95%

Question 40

MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT (running from TAIL to HEAD, receiving many Tributaries) OPENS INTO:

Answer 40

MAJOR DUODENAL PAPILLA (2nd part duodenum) - with BILE DUCT

Question 41

where do the BILE DUCT and the MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT COME TOGETHER before opening into the MAJOR DUODENAL PAPILLA

Answer 41

HEPATOPANCREATIC AMPULLA (of VATER)

Question 42

if there is an ACCESSORY DUCT where does it DRAIN FROM and OPEN INTO

Answer 42

FROM UPPER part of HEAD of pancreas and opens into MINOR DUODENAL PAPILLA (above main duct)

Question 43

Blood is DRAINED FROM LIVER TO IVC via:

Answer 43

HEPATIC VEIN