Chapter 9

Question 1

what are teratogens?

Answer 1

cause deficient development to fetus
Greek word “monster makers”
can be caused by drugs, alcohol, bacteria, viruses, and chemicals

Question 2

who was G.S. Hall?

Answer 2

1846-1912
first president of APA
extensively studied development and adolescence
president of Clark University
considered first developmental psychologist

Question 3

what is attachment?

Answer 3

children develop attachment
exhibit stranger anxiety as a defense mechanism

Question 4

who is Harry Harlow?

Answer 4

showed that monkeys would prefer physical contact with a surrogate mother when it was wrapped with warm cloth, instead of one that would provide sustenance

Question 5

who is Mary Ainsworth?

Answer 5

1913-1999
studied attachment
strange situation experiment

Question 6

what is secure attachment?

Answer 6

when the mother was present, child plays comfortably
mother leaves, child distressed
mother returns, child seeks comfort

Question 7

what is insecure attachment?

Answer 7

infants avoid or show anxiety in a “trusting relationship”
less likely to explore surroundings
mother leaves, child is distraught even when the mother comes back

Question 8

what is temperament?

Answer 8

person’s characteristic emotional reactivity

Question 9

what are the types of temperament?

Answer 9

easy - child is cheerful, relaxed, feeding/sleeping predictably
slow to warm - moderately difficult, avoidant, and irritable
difficult - irritable, intense, and unpredictable

Question 10

who is Jean Piaget?

Answer 10

1896-1980
aggressively studied child development
created a theory that expressed different phases of development of all ages
believed children constructed their understanding of the world while interacting with it

Question 11

what are schemas?

Answer 11

concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiences

Question 12

what is assimilation?

Answer 12

interpret our current situations through the lens of a schema

Question 13

what is accomodation?

Answer 13

children use schemas to incorporate information in novel settings

Question 14

what is the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 14

birth - age 2
learn through senses
object permanence ~ 8 months

Question 15

what is the preoperational stage?

Answer 15

8 months -6/7 years
children are unable to represent concepts with words and images
unable to perform mental operations
egocentrism

Question 16

what is the concrete operational stage?

Answer 16

~ age 7
begin to grasp conservation
can reverse questions instantly
can classify objects into categories
begin developing a personalized sense of humor

Question 17

what is the formal operational stage?

Answer 17

~ age 12
reasoning expands from the purely concrete
children begin to think abstractly
consequences, reasons, decisions

Question 18

what is theory of mind?

Answer 18

preschoolers (3/4 yo)
first described to explain chimps’ ability to understand emotions of others
realize others hold false beliefs

Question 19

what is the Vygotsky Alternative?

Answer 19

suggested that children learn more from the socialization with parents and peers than they do from the physical environment

Question 20

what is the Erikson Perspective?

Answer 20

each stage of life has its own psychosocial task
a search for identity
children are motivated by the immediate social environment and not the accumulation of knowledge

Question 21

what is the authoritarian parenting style?

Answer 21

parents are coercive
impose rules and expect obedience

Question 22

what is the permissive parenting style?

Answer 22

parents are unrestraining
make few demands and use little punishment

Question 23

what is the authoritative parenting style?

Answer 23

parents are confrontive
both demanding and responsive
set rules but encourage discussions

Question 24

what is adolescence?

Answer 24

the years spent morphing from child to adult
starts with sexual maturity, ends with social achievement of independence and adulthood

Question 25

what is puberty?

Answer 25

the beginning of adolescence
stimulates production of hormones
timing differs for everyone