Chapter 4

Question 1

consciousness

Answer 1

one’s subjective experience of the world, resulting from brain activity
to be conscious of something, we have to pay attention to it (multitasking)

Question 2

cocktail party effect

Answer 2

shadowing - different messages in 2 ears of the headphones

Question 3

selective attention

Answer 3

some stimuli demand our attention (threat, socially relevant)
many things go without out attention

Question 4

sleep

Answer 4

considered an altered state of consciousness
you remain somewhat aware and can still process info

Question 5

circadian rhythms

Answer 5

influenced by light and dark
melatonin - suppressed by bright light and released

Question 6

REM: rapid eye movement

Answer 6

brain is active, muscles are paralyzed
usually accompanied by sexual arousal
80% awakened report dreams
more sleep cycles, more time in REM

Question 7

dreams

Answer 7

everyone dreams
unsure if they serve a biological function
REM dreams are bizarre, emotional, etc
non-REM dreams are boring

Question 8

activation synthesis theory

Answer 8

random neural firing activates sensory input
brain uses stored memories to try and make sense of it

Question 9

Insomnia

Answer 9

inability to sleep
12-20% of adults
anxiety can have a cause
more common in women and older adults

Question 10

obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 10

stop breathing (during sleep) due to throat closing
people don’t realize it’s happening
main symptom is loud snoring

Question 11

REM behavior disorder

Answer 11

act out dreams
sometimes can harm others

Question 12

somnambulism

Answer 12

sleep walking, common in younger children

Question 13

narcolepsy

Answer 13

excessive sleepiness in normal (daytime) hours
may go limp or collapse
cause is unknown

Question 14

what are the 4 main symptoms of narcolepsy?

Answer 14

1. attacks of sleepiness during the day
2. cataplexy - muscle weakness, paralysis
3. sleep
4. hallucinations

Question 15

hypnosis

Answer 15

social interaction during which a person responds to suggestions
works for some but not others
have to “believe” for it to work
is it an altered state of consciousness?

Question 16

meditiation

Answer 16

focus attention on external object or sense of awareness
can help reduce stress and help with greater attention

Question 17

what are some types of mediation?

Answer 17

concentrative - focus on one thing, such as breathing, mental image, or phrase
mindfulness - lets thoughts flow freely, paying attention to them without reacting

Question 18

lose yourself

Answer 18

“flow” - so engrossed in an activity, rewarding for its own sake – lose track of time and external world
(example) exercise - runner’s high

Question 19

drugs

Answer 19

blessing and curse
“recreational use” - alter sensations, consciousness, thoughts, mood, and behaviors in desirable ways
addiction - drug use that remains compulsive despite negative consequences

Question 20

what do stimulants do?

Answer 20

increase behavior and mental activity
affect dopamine, norepinephrine, and ACh

Question 21

amphetamines and methamphetamine are examples of stimulants and they are…

Answer 21

used for weight loss and staying awake
damages brain structure with long-term use

Question 22

what are other examples are stimulants?

Answer 22

cocaine
caffeine
nicotine

Question 23

depressants

Answer 23

decrease behavioral and mental activity
affect GABA
example - anti anxiety drugs, alcohol

Question 24

opiates and narcotics

Answer 24

reduce the experience of pain
mimic effects or endorphins
examples - heroin, morphine, codeine

Question 25

hallucinogen and psychedelics

Answer 25

alter thoughts and/or perceptions
affect serotonin and glucose
examples - LSD, PCP, peyote, mushrooms

Question 26

combination drugs

Answer 26

marijuana
can have effects of stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogen
activate cannabinoid receptors
first time users may not get high
can have long-term effects on brain structure
medicinal properties

Question 27

MDMA

Answer 27

stimulant and hallucinogenic effects
affects dopamine and serotonin
examples - ecstasy, molly