Chapter 6

Question 1

what is learning?

Answer 1

a relatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience

Question 2

what is non associative learning?

Answer 2

responding after repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event
John Watson, behaviorism

Question 3

what is associative learning?

Answer 3

linking two stimuli, or events that occur together
classical and operant conditioning

Question 4

what is observational learning?

Answer 4

acquiring or changing a behavior after exposure to another individual performing that behavior

Question 5

what are two examples of non associative learning?

Answer 5

habituation & dishabituation

Question 6

what is habituation?

Answer 6

a decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus

Question 7

what is dishabituation?

Answer 7

an increase in a response due to a change in something familiar

Question 8

what are two examples of associative learning?

Answer 8

classical conditioning & operant conditioning

Question 9

what is classical conditioning?

Answer 9

when we learn that a stimulus predicts another stimulus (Ivan Pavlov)

Question 10

what is operant conditioning?

Answer 10

when we learn that a behavior leads to a certain outcome

Question 11

conditioning trials

Answer 11

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned response are paired to produce a reflex

Question 12

neutral stimulus

Answer 12

does not produce response

Question 13

unconditioned response

Answer 13

produces response with no prior learning

Question 14

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 14

response that is not learned

Question 15

conditioned stimulus

Answer 15

a stimulus that causes a learned response

Question 16

acquisition

Answer 16

the NS is being paired with the US

Question 17

extinction

Answer 17

the US is no longer being presented

Question 18

spontaneous recovery

Answer 18

when US returns, behavior returns

Question 19

stimulus generalization

Answer 19

learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar to the CS produce the CR

Question 20

stimulus discrimination

Answer 20

a differentiation between 2 similar stimuli when only 1 of them is consistently associated with the US

Question 21

who are two people who used operant conditioning?

Answer 21

Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner

Question 22

reinforcer

Answer 22

stimulus increases likelihood the behavior will continue

Question 23

punisher

Answer 23

stimulus decreases likelihood the behavior will continue

Question 24

positive

Answer 24

adding stimulus to environment

Question 25

negative

Answer 25

removing stimulus from environment

Question 26

what is continuous reinforcement?

Answer 26

type of learning in which behavior is reinforced each time it occurs

Question 27

what is partial reinforcement?

Answer 27

type of learning in which behavior is reinforced intermittently

Question 28

ratio schedule

Answer 28

reinforcement is based on the number of times the behavior occurs

Question 29

interval schedule

Answer 29

reinforcement is provided after a specific unit of time

Question 30

fixed schedules

Answer 30

reinforcement is provided after a certain amount of time or responses has passed

Question 31

fixed ratio

Answer 31

reinforcement is given after X number of responses

Question 32

fixed interval

Answer 32

reinforcement is given after Y time

Question 33

variable schedule

Answer 33

occurs when reinforcement is provided after varying and irregular amounts of time or responses

Question 34

variable ratio

Answer 34

reinforcement is given after random number of responses

Question 35

variable interval

Answer 35

reinforcement is given after a random amount of time

Question 36

observational learning

Answer 36

the acquisition or modification of a behavior after exposure to another individual performing that behavior (aka social learning)

Question 37

who is Albert Bandura?

Answer 37

his studies suggest that exposing children to violence may encourage them to act aggressively

Question 38

what is modeling?

Answer 38

the imitation of an observed behavior
only effective is observer is physically capable of doing said behavior
more common in humans than in animals