12.1 animal and plant pathogens

Question 1

comunicable disease

Answer 1

can be passed from one organism to another are caused by infective organisms

Question 2

pathogens

Answer 2

microorganisms that cause disease
- bacteria
- fungi
- protist
- virus

Question 3

vectors

Answer 3

carry pathogens from one organism to another eg. insect, water

Question 4

bacteria are …. pro/euk

Answer 4

prokaryotes

Question 5

protists are … euk/pro

Answer 5

eukaryotic

Question 6

Viruses are …

Answer 6

non-living (take over living cells to reproduce)

Question 7

fungi are … euk/pro

Answer 7

eukaryotic

Question 8

pathogens can damage in two ways

Answer 8

• damage host directly: viruses take over metabolism and destroy the cells they reproduce in some protists do this too, fungi digest living cells
• produce toxins that damage host tissue: eg. bacteria produce toxins that damage membranes or inactivate enzymes, some fung produce toxins

Question 9

direct transmisssion eg. x3

Answer 9

• inoculation - breaks skin eg hiv,sharing needles, bite
• direct contact-skin to skin sexual
• ingestion - contaminated food

Question 10

indirect transmission

Answer 10

• fomities-intimate objects eg. bedding cosmetics
• droplet infection
• vectors eg water mosquito
• soil contamination

Question 11

factors impact likleyhood of infection

Answer 11

• overcrowding
• climate change
• infastructure
• poor nutrition
• disposal of waste

Question 12

Ring rot
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact

Answer 12

cause-bacteria
mode of transmission - infected potaote tubers
preventation -regularly disinfect machinery in potatoe factory
treatment -none
effects what - potaote tomatoe aubergine
impact - destroys 80% crop feild needs 2yrs if infeted

Question 13

Tobaco mosaic virus
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact

Answer 13

cause- virus
mode of transmission - leaves rubbing contaminsated tools
preventation - dont handle diseased plants and then others
treatment - resistant strains available
effects what - damages leaves s
impact-stunded growth reduced crop

Question 14

potatoe blight
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact

Answer 14

cause- protocist
mode of transmission - spores across feild
preventation - chemical treatment
treatment - resistant strains exsist
effects what tomatoe potatoe
impact penertrates host ad destroys fruit

Question 15

black sigatoka
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact

Answer 15

cause- fungus
mode of transmission - wind spore
preventation - fungicide
treatment - fungicide not cure but control
effects what - bannah leaf
impact- 50% less yeild

Question 16

tuberculosis
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact

Answer 16

cause bacteria
mode of transmission air
preventation vaccination
treatment antibiotics
effects what humans cattel pig
impact destroys lung tissue supresses imune system

Question 17

bacterial menengitis
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact

Answer 17

cause bavteria
mode of transmission droplets
preventation vaccines
treatment antibiotics early stages
effects what young children
impact neck stiffness headache rash

Question 18

HIV/AIDS
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact

Answer 18

cause virus - retrovirus
mode of transmission shared needles sex
preventation protected sex no needle sharing
treatment no vaccine no cure only antiviral drugs
effects what mainly humans
impact destroys imune system

Question 19

Influenza
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact

Answer 19

cause- virus
mode of transmission - droplets
preventation - hygine
treatment - vaccine
effects what mamals
impact kills epithelial cells leading to airways so open to secondary infection

Question 20

Malaria
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact

Answer 20

cause protist
mode of transmission mosi bite
preventation mosi nets
treatment antimalaria drugs, malaria antibody vaccine
effects what humans and animals
impact invades liver and rbc cells leaves weak and vunrable to more infection

Question 22

Ring worm
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact

Answer 22

cause- fungal
mode of transmission- direct skin to skin contact
preventation keep skin dry and clean
treatment antifungal cream
effects what mammals
impact itchy scaly arms and legs

Question 23

athletes foot
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact

Answer 23

cause-fungal
mode of transmission showers pools
preventation keep toes dry and clean
treatment antifungal
effects what human
impact flaky itchy sore

Question 24

physical barriers to pathogens

Answer 24

skin- sebum oily antiseptic
skin flora- natural large pop of healthy acteria
lysozyme - in mucas saliva rotects against infections, acts as a natural antibiotic, and enhances the efficacy of other antibiotics
mucus membranes

Question 25

inflamatory response indicators x3

Answer 25

• red
• warm
• swelling

Question 26

what brings about the inflamatory response

Answer 26

• histamines- trigger vascodilations more permiable to flush it out through tissue fluid into lymph
• cytokines attract wbc to dispose of pathogens by phagocytosis

Question 27

Blood clotting is a … affect

Answer 27

cascade

Question 28

blood clotting process

Answer 28

• damaged tissue
• platlets are activated
• stimulates release of thromboplastin
• this catalyses prothrombin to join Ca2+
• to produce thrombin
• thrombin catalyses fibrogen to become fibrin
• wich froms a clot

Question 29

nonspecific defences keeping pathogens out

Answer 29

• physical barriers
• blood clotting
• inflamatory response

Question 30

non specific - gets rid of pathogens

Answer 30

• fever - higher temps can inhibit pathogen reproduction, specific immune system works faster at higher temp
• phagocytosis
• chemicals

Question 31

phagocytosis

Answer 31

1. phagocyte surounds and engulfs the pathogen recognised by its foreign antigens
2. phagosome moves towards lysosome
3. they fuse : phagolysosome
4. the pathogen is digested
5. antigens bind to MHC in the cytoplasm
6. becomes a MHC complex antigen presenting cell

Question 32

what cells do phagocytosis

Answer 32

neutrophils can by macropharges do and take longer but they become antigen presenting cells apc’s stimulate a specific imune response