Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fundamentals Of Science > Cell Division And Cell Fate > Flashcards

Cell Division And Cell Fate Flashcards

1
Q

Neurotransmitters are released from?

A

Presynaptic nerve terminal and acts on post synaptic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Effect of neurotransmitter depends on what?

A

Properties of the receptor not nature of neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Examples of neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Neurotransmitters stimulate?. What receptors?

A

Ligan-gated ion channel receptors or G protein coupled receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of signalling are hormones?

A

Endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Example of neurotransmitter released as hormone

A

Noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the different types of hormones based on?

A

Chemical structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

State different types of hormones

A

Amino acid derived, peptide hormones, lipid based.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Structure of amino acid derived hormones

A

Small molecule, structurally related to amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is adrenaline released?

A

Adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Structure of peptide hormones

A

chain of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Structure of lipid hormones

A

Structurally similar to cholesterol so can easily cross the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What produces thromboxane?

A

Platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small proteins which modulate or alter immune system responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is meiosis important?

A

Sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why is mitosis important?

A

Cell proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Diploid has how many chromosomes?

A

46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Haploid has how many chromosomes?

A

23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens at prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible
Spindle fibres emerge from the centrosomes
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Centrosomes move toward opposite poles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens at prometephase?

A

Chromosomes continue to condense
Kinetochores appear at the centromeres
Mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate
Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fibre originating from opposite poles

22
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres split in two
Sister chromatids now called chromosomes pulled toward opposite poles
Certain spindle fibres begin to elongate the cell

23
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense
Nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes
The mitotic spindle breaks down
Spindle fibres continue to push poles apart

24
Q

Cytokinesis in animal and plant cells

A

Animal cells: a cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells
Plant cells: a cell plate, the precursor to a new cell wall, separates the daughter cells

25
Q

Cell cycle is

A

A process in which the cell replicates its genetic material and divides into 2 identical cells

26
Q

What happens in G1 phase of cell cycle?

A

Cell increases in size, cellular contents duplicated ( except chromosomes)

27
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

DNA replication

28
Q

What happens in G2 phase?

A

Preparation for cell division

29
Q

What is the G0 phase?

A

Rest phase
Cell quiescence, senescence or terminal differentiation

30
Q

Cell cycle order

A

G1, (G0- it something wrong), S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis

31
Q

What happens in the interphase?

A

Cell cycle

32
Q

Senescent cells

A

Age cells that don’t undergo cell division anymore, permanent cell cycle arrest

33
Q

Cell growth checkpoint does what? after g1/g0

A

Checks cell size $ proteins for synthesis phase
It not, cell goes to G0 until ready to divide

34
Q

What gene controls g2 checkpoint?

A

Gene p53

35
Q

Function of cyclin

A

Regulate cell cycle progression by binding and activating cyclindependent kinases (CDKs)

36
Q

Cyclin D

A

Drives G1

37
Q

Cyclin E

A

Inhibits cyclin D activity

38
Q

Cyclin A

A

Controls DNA copying

39
Q

Cyclin B

A

Drives G2

40
Q

What effect does cyclin degradation have on CDK activity?

A

Terminates it

41
Q

How is the next phase entry in cell cycle triggered?

A

CDK- Cyclin binding activated CDKS which activate target proteins via phosphorylation
CDK-cyclin combination trigger next phase entry

42
Q

What act as tumuor suppressors?

A

CDK inhibitor proteins (CDKIs)

43
Q

Unipotent

A

Can differentiate but have the ability of self renewal (progenitor cells)

44
Q

Multipotent

A

Limited number of cell types in particular lineage

45
Q

Pluripotent

A

Give rise to any type of embryonic stem cell - make up the body (most common)

46
Q

Totipotent

A

Able to give rise to any type of cell type including placental cells

47
Q

Parent cell in meiosis?

A

Diploid (46 chromosomes)

48
Q

Daughter cell in meiosis?

A
  • Haploid (23 chromosomes)
49
Q

What division happens in somatic cells?

A

Mitosis

50
Q

What division happens in germ cells?

A

Meiosis

51
Q

Define cell differentiation

A

Process by which a cell becomes specialised

Fundamentals Of Science (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions