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fundamentals of science > 17/1 Adaptive immunology > Flashcards

17/1 Adaptive immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptive immunology involves:

A

lymphocytes ( T & B Cells), highly specific antigen recognition, cytokines & collaboration with other cells

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2
Q

All immune responses can be divided into:

A

cell mediated and humoral immunity

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3
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

all responses in which antibodies play little/no part; involves T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, NKs

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4
Q

Humoral immunity

A

antibody mediated ( B cells)

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5
Q

define antigen

A

any substance that binds to specific receptors on lymphocytes i.e B cell/ T cell receptors

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6
Q

antigen can be many forms. List some

A
  • may be protein, lipid, carbohydrate or any combination
  • may be foreign or altered self molecule
  • may be soluble or particulate, simple or complex with many diff. antigenic determinants
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7
Q

define antigenic determinant/ Epitope

A

part of antigen that binds to these receptors

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8
Q

any molecules or group of molecules that induce an immune response

A

immunogen

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9
Q

small molecule that can act as an epitope but not elicit an immune response

A

hapten

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10
Q

non microbe derived antigens might include?

A

pollen, food & dust or ‘self’ antigens from dead/ senescent cells or altered self molecules

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11
Q

non microbe derived antigens might include?

A

pollen, food & dust or ‘self’ antigens from dead/ senescent cells or altered self molecules

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12
Q

antigens can enter the body by various methods. List some

A

Breaks in skin & mucous membranes
Direct injection e.g. bite/needle
Organ transplants & skin grafts
Microfold cells in the mucosal surfaces

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13
Q

structure of antibody

A

Monomer: flexible Y-shaped molecule with 4 protein chain
Has variable region, constant regions, Fc region

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14
Q

what is the 4 protein chain in antibody structure?

A

2 identical light chains
2 identical heavy chains

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15
Q

Variable region in antibody structure

A

2 sections at the end of the Y arms
- contain antigen binding sites
- identical on the same antibody, but vary from one antibody to another- contains some hypervariable regions

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16
Q

constant region in antibody structure

A

stem of monomer on lower part of Y’s arm

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17
Q

Fc region on antibody structure

A

stem of monomer only

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18
Q

why is the Fc region important?

A

because they can bind to complement or cells

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19
Q

5 different classes of antibodies

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD

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20
Q

why is each B cell different?

A

to make unique receptors

21
Q

the class of antibody involved in immune response depends on:

A

type of foreign antigen, the portal of entry & the antibody function needed

22
Q

what class of antibody can join together to form a secretary dimer?

A

IgA

23
Q

what class of antibody has the lowest affinity for AB (antigen-binding)

A

IgM

24
Q

structure of IgM

A

pentemeric, largest, lowest affinity for AB, 10 binding sites

25
Q

structure of IgE

A

monomeric, highly glycosylated.
Most associated with allergy

26
Q

the two heavy chains are linked by and each heavy chain linked to light chain by? antibody structure

A

disulfide bonds

27
Q

function for IgA

A

Aggulation and neutralisation

28
Q

where is IgA located?

A

muscous membrane secretions

29
Q

Location of IgE

A

Serum, mast cell surfaces

30
Q

location of IgG

A

Serum, intracellular fluid

31
Q

location of IgM

A

Serum

32
Q

function of IgE

A

Trigger release of histamines from basophils and mast cells

33
Q

function of IgG

A

Complement activation, aggulation, opsonisation and neutralisation, crosses placenta to protect placent

34
Q

Function of IgM

A

Complement activation, aggulation and neutralisation

35
Q

antibodies bind to antigens based on?

A

the ‘complementarity’ of the epitope on the antigen & the antigen- binding (AB) site of the antibody

36
Q

Approx. 10^13 different specificities can be generated of AB-AT interaction but actually more due to?

A

somatic hypermutation seen during immune response

37
Q

the strength of AB-AT interaction is referred to as?

A

the affinity of the antibody

38
Q

Which affinity (high/low) is more protective (AT-AT)?

A

High because it will bind antigens at lower concentrations

39
Q

Antibody-antigen interactions are non-covalent. list some interactions

A

H-bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals interactions

40
Q

AB-AT interactions are reversible or irreversible

A

reversible

41
Q

1 epitope of antigent binds to what part of AB structure?

A

variable region of antibody hypervariable regions

42
Q

B cell stimulation requires what else?

A

cytokines from T helper cells
Co- stimulatory molecules ( CD19 + others)

43
Q

1000-10,000x proliferation & differentiation of B cells into plasma cells packed with RER & highly metabolically active … happens once?

A

Once AB/B cell receptor has bound AT & signalled through the Ig alpha & beta chain (CD79a)

44
Q

All immunogens are antigens but?

A

not all antigens are immunogens (not all antigens will produce an immune response)

45
Q

On first exposure, there is a delay before specific AB seen in serum why? what type of immunity is this?

A

because it takes a while for cells to differentiate
- In humoral immunity kinetics

46
Q

what is produced by T cells to stimulate plasma cell maturation?

A

cytokines

47
Q

role of cytokines produced by T cells. Take how long?

A

to stimulate plasma cell maturation
- approx. 1 week

48
Q

in humoral immunity what class of AB is poduced? then switches to ?

A

IgM, then switches to IgG , IgA or IgE

fundamentals of science (37 decks)

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