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Reviewer > Earth Science Quiz 2 Q2 > Flashcards

Earth Science Quiz 2 Q2 Flashcards

1
Q

Rocks change their shape and volume when they are subjected to ________.

A

stress

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2
Q

These are caused by forces that are exerted on the edges or interior of a material.

A

Stress

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3
Q

______ constantly exerts downward stress on all rocks.

A

Gravity

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4
Q

Temperature changes cause _________ __________ and _________ that causes fractures.

A

thermal expansion, contraction

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5
Q

Wetting and drying can induce or enhance __________.

A

fractures

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6
Q

HORIZONTAL plate movement exerts:

A

lateral and vertical stress

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7
Q

What is stress synonymous to?

A

pressure

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8
Q

_______ is the pressure that the rocks experience due to different forces.

A

stress

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9
Q

Two types of of stress:

A

Uniform & Differential Stress

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10
Q

Type of Stress. Forces act EQUALLY in all directions. It is confining.

A

Uniform Stress

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11
Q

Type of Stress. Opposite in direction, equal in magnitude.

A

Uniform Stress

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12
Q

Type of Stress. It causes deformation and plate tectonic forces. There is DIRECT pressure.

A

Differential Stress

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13
Q

Type of Stress. It is the difference between the greatest and least compressive stress and experienced by an object. The difference in stress is responsible for the DEFORMED nature of rocks.

A

Differential Stress

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14
Q

Examples of differential stress:

A

Tensional, Compressional and Shear stress

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15
Q

Differential Stress. Rocks are PULLED APART that result to lengthening and break apart.
- Stretches Rock (Parang clay)

A

Tensional Stress

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16
Q

Differential Stress. Causes rock to fold or fracture and SQUEEZES rock together.
- most common type found in convergent boundaries.
- cause rocks to fold upward or downward.

A

Compressional Stress

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17
Q

Differential Stress. Forces SLIDES pass each other in opposite direction.
- most common type found in transform boundaries.
- cause masses of rock to slip

A

Shear Stress

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18
Q

Rock deformation caused by differential pressure.

A

Strain

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19
Q

Rocks deform through strain which causes rocks to _____________.

A

fold and/or crack

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20
Q

Two main types of strain caused by differential stress.

A

Brittle Formation, Ductile Formation

(+ Elastic Formation)

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21
Q

Types of Strain. Deform, fracture, and fault.
- Rocks may develop cracks, fractures, fissures
- Result to joint or fault

A

Brittle Formation

22
Q

Difference of joint and fault:

A

Joint- fracture without movement
Fault - fracture with movement, there is noticeable displacement)

23
Q

Types of Strain. Rocks flows in response to stress.
-BENDS, but not break
- change in rock shape/orientation without breaking.

A

Ductile Formation

24
Q

Types of Strain. Bends, not breaks, and GOES BACK TO ORIGINAL FORM.

A

Elastic Formation

25
Q

Behavior of rocks under different pulling of stress.

A
  • Visible change in shape, loc, size, tilt, or break (due to squeezin nd shearin)
  • when rocks or plates are pulled or pushed together, stress may occur.
26
Q

Two results of deformation:

A

Folds and Faults

27
Q

Results of Deformation. This is formed when rocks experience COMPRESSIVE stress and deform plastically.

A

Folds

28
Q

Additional infos about FOLDS:

A
  • waves in the stratified rocks of Earth’s crust
  • freq seen in outcrop
  • reflect the same shape nd style
  • cleavage indicates the attitute of axial planes
29
Q

Three types of folds:

A

Monocline, Anticline, & Syncline

30
Q

Types of Folds. A bend in rock layers where oldest rocks are at the bottom, youngest at the top.
(Staircase Bend)

A

Monocline

31
Q

Types of Folds. Fold that arches UPWARD where oldest rocks are found at center of it, youngest are covered over them at top.

A

Anticline

32
Q

Types of Folds. Fold that bends DOWNWARD which rocks are curved to a center.

A

Syncline

33
Q

Additional type of folds;

A

Chevron: Zigzag
Parasitic: Yung anticline nagkaroon ng syncline (M shape)
Symmetrical - Equal height of anticline & syncline
Asymmetrical - NOT equal in height.

34
Q

Descriptive features of folds:

A

Size, Shape, Tightness, Symmetry, Facing & Vergence, Deformation Style Classes, Classification, Orientation of Axial Plane, Thickness of Folded Beds

35
Q

Results of Deformation. This is a FRACTURE or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. They produce displacement over time.

A

Faults

36
Q

Faults allows the blocks to move _________ to each other.

A

relative

37
Q

The a. ____________ is the rock above the fault line while the rock below it is called b._________.

A

a. Hanging Wall
b. Foot Wall

38
Q

What are the two types of fault?

A

Dip-Slip Fault and Strike-Slip Fault

39
Q

Types of Fault. This is inclined fractures where the blocks has shifted VERTICALLY.
- Movement depend on the inclination of fracture/fault

A

Dip-Slip Faults

40
Q

Three classifications of dip-slip faults:

A

Normal, Reverse, Thrust Fault

41
Q

Class. of Dip-Slip Fault. The hanging wall above the fault has moved downward relative to the foot wall.

A

Normal Fault

42
Q

Class. of Dip-Slip Fault.
- most common faults at DIVERGENT boundaries
- caused by TENSIONAL Stress.

A

Normal Fault

43
Q

Class. of Dip-Slip Fault. Hanging wall moves upward relative to the foot wall.

A

Reverse Fault

44
Q

Class. of Dip-Slip Fault.
- most common at CONVERGENT boundaries.
- caused by COMPRESSIONAL stress.

A

Reverse Fault

45
Q

Class. of Dip-Slip Fault. A break on the Earth’s crust, across which OLDER are pushed above the YOUNGER rocks. Has low inclination.

  • It is under reverse fault.
A

Thrust Fault

46
Q

What is another term for Strike-Slip Faults?

A

Transcurrent

47
Q

Faults on which the two blocks slide past one another. And is caused by Shearing Stress.

A

Strike-Slip Faults

48
Q

Two types of Strike-Slip faults?

A

Right Lateral and Left Lateral

49
Q

These are common on transform plate boundaries.
Ex. San Andreas Faults
- Movement along the strike.

A

Strike-Slip Faults

50
Q

Differences of the types of strike-slip faults:

A

Right Lateral: Dextral
Left Lateral: Sinistral (Ex. Digdig Fault)
Oblique Fault: Vertical Displacement

Reviewer (31 decks)

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