Vaccination types and contraindications

Question 1

define passive immunisation

Answer 1

normal immunoglobulins given IV or subcut

specfic antibodies

Question 2

when are passive immunisations used

Answer 2

used if patient unable to make antibody
-primary antibody deficeincies
-T-cell immune deficiencies

given to these patients after:
-exposure to infectious agent and at risk of serious disease
-or to suppress inflammatory response in esrtablished severe disease

Question 3

define active immunisations

Answer 3

foreign antigens stimulate host response without causing infection

-production of B and T cell memory

Question 4

define live attenuated vaccines

Answer 4

contain modified organisms that replicate but do not cause disease in idnvidiuals with anormal immune system

Question 5

examples of live attenuated vaccines 5

Answer 5

BCG

MMR

rotavirus

(live attenuated) influenza

oral polio

Question 6

define inactivated vaccines

Answer 6

contain inactivated whole organisms

or, more commonly, specfic compoennts/antigens known to stimualte an immune response

Question 7

examples of inactivaetd vaccines 2

Answer 7

inactivated polio

trivalent influenza

Question 8

isssue with using polysaccharide antigens in children under 2

how is this rectified

Answer 8

polysaccarchideantigens do not stimulate an effective and lasting immune response in children under 2

-due to poor T cell numbers and response

this is rectified by the polysaccharide antigen linked to a carrier protein

Question 9

examples of conjugate vaccines 2

Answer 9

haemophillys infulnza type b

group c menignoccol

Question 10

dosing of live vs inactivaed vaccines

Answer 10

live- long lasting immunitty after one or two doses

inactivated - needs multiple doses
-may need booster dose into adolsence

Question 11

when are all vaccines contraindcated in an individual 2

Answer 11

had confirmed anphalytic reaction to a previous dose of a vaccine containint the same antigen

had confirmed anaphlyatic reaction to another compoent of the reelvant vaccine

Question 12

other componetns within common vaccines that may cause anaphlyaxis 3

Answer 12

neomycin

streptomycin

polymyxin B

Question 13

which vaccines in particular should patients allergic to EGG not receive 2

Answer 13

yellow fever

influenza - IM

Question 14

how should pateints with an egg allergy be adminsited the flu vaccine

Answer 14

intranasal FLuenz tetra\
(or an inactivaetd vaccin with very low ovalbumin)

Question 15

egg alleergy and MMR

Answer 15

no assocaition
-just given routine

Question 16

contraindications for live vaccines:
-examples of immunocompromised/ immunosupressed 6

Answer 16

severe primary immunidifeicy

malignat disease treated w chemo/radio in last 6 months

solid organ transplant on immunosuppressive meds

bone marrow transplant
-until at least 12 months after finishing immunosuppresive treatment

high dose systemic steroids
-until at least three months after treatment has stopped

immunosuppresive drusg (azathioprine, cyclosproiine, methotrexate)
-until at least 6 months after treatment stopped

Question 17

HIV +ve vaccine contraindcations

Answer 17

not receive BCG

should be given MMR unless evience of severe immunosupression

yellow fever- discuss w specalist

Question 18

how long to wait between two differnt live vaccines

Answer 18

at least three weeks