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bds3 anatomy student 1 > 2 - Osteology of the skull, hyoid and cervical spine > Flashcards

2 - Osteology of the skull, hyoid and cervical spine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the skull?

A
  • protects brain, brainstem, cranial nerves and vasculature
  • attachment for muscles (bony landmarks)
  • framework for head and identity
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2
Q

What are the different types of bone in the skull?

A
  • flat bones, formed by intramembranous ossification
  • irregular bones, formed by endochondral ossification
  • pneumatised bones, bones that have air spaces (ie sinuses), reduce the weight of the skull
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3
Q

What are the divisions of the skull?

A
  • neurocranium, made up of the vault (calvaria) and the cranial base
  • viscerocranium (facial), anterior part of the skull surrounding the orbit, nasal and oral cavities
  • mandible
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4
Q

What are the 8 bones of the neurocranium?

A
  • occipital
  • parietal x2
  • frontal
  • temporal x2
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
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5
Q

What are the 14 bones of the viscerocranium?

A
  • zygomatic x2
  • maxilla x2
  • palatine x2
  • nasal x2
  • vomer
  • inferior nasal conchae x2
  • lacrimal x2
  • mandible
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6
Q

What are the main features of the norma lateralis?

A

Neurocranium
- external acoustic meatus
- styloid process
- mastoid process
- termporal fossa

Viscerocranium
- zygomatic arch
- mandible
- infratemporal fossa

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7
Q

Describe the borders of the temporal fossa.

A

Superior = superior temporal line
Inferior = infratemporal crest, deep to zygomatic arch
Anterior = frontal process of zygomatic bone, zygomatic process of frontal bone
Posterior = inferior temporal line
Floor = pterion

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8
Q

What is the correct anatomical plane of the skull?

A
  • orbito-meatal line / Frankfort horizontal plane
  • runs from the superior border of external acoustic meatus to the inferior border of the orbit
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9
Q

What is the asterion?

A

Star shaped junction of the occipital, parietal and temporal bones

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10
Q

What is the inion?

A

Most prominent protuberance of the back of the skull

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11
Q

What is the lambda?

A
  • junction of the lambdoid and sagittal suture
  • located at the rear of the skull
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12
Q

What is the vertex?

A

Superior and middle point of the vault of the skull

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13
Q

What is the bregma?

A

Junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures

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14
Q

What is the glabella?

A
  • smooth part of bone at the most anterior protuberance of the forehead
  • “hairless” in greek
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15
Q

What is the naison?

A
  • junction of the nasal sutures
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16
Q

What is the pterion?

A
  • H-shaped junction of sutures
  • junction between the frontal, temporal (squamous), parietal and the greater wing of the sphenoid bones
  • structurally thin, and overlies the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery
  • “wing” in greek
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17
Q

What is a sutural bone?

A
  • small island of bone found in the suture between two bones
  • commonly observed in the lambdoid suture
18
Q

What are sutures?

A
  • structurally a fibrous joint
  • limited to no movement = synarthrosis
19
Q

What is a fontanelle?

A
  • soft spots in the skull that fuse after birth
  • allow for delivery by the birth canal and post natal growth of the brain
20
Q

When does the anterior fontanelle close?

A

18 months

21
Q

When does the posterior fontanelle close?

A

Not palpable by 1 year

22
Q

When does mandibular symphasis finish?

A

2 years

23
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • frontal sinuses
  • ethmoidal cells
  • maxillary sinuses
24
Q

What passes through the carotid canal?

A

Internal carotid artery

25
Q

What passes through the jugular foramen?

A
  • internal jugular vein
  • CN IX
  • CN X
  • CN XI
26
Q

What passes through the foramen magnum?

A
  • spinal cord
  • meninges
  • spinal arteries
  • CN XI
27
Q

What passes through the foramen ovale?

A
  • CN V3
  • accessory meningeal artery
28
Q

What passes through the foramen spinosum?

A
  • middle meningeal artery
  • CN V3
29
Q

What passes through the hypoglossal canal?

A

CN XII

30
Q

What comprises the cervical spine?

A
  • 7 vertebrae
  • concave posteriorly, which allows lateral flexion and rotation
31
Q

What is the ligamentum nuchae?

A
  • supports the head and resists flexion
  • attaches to external occipital protuberance (most posterior part of skull) and the foramen magnum to the spinous processes of the vertebrae
  • continuous with supraspinous ligament (which connects the apices of the spine)
32
Q

What are the typical cervical vertebrae?

A

C3-C6

33
Q

Describe a typical cervical vertebrae.

A
  • body
  • bifid spinous process, which connects to the body via the lamina and the superior articular facet
  • anterior and posterior tubercles, which are connected by the transverse process which is lateral to the foramen transversarium
  • vertebral foramen for the spinal cord
34
Q

Describe C7.

A
  • body
  • non-bifid elongated spinous process, which connects to the body via the lamina and the superior articular facet
  • anterior and posterior tubercles, which are connected by the transverse process which is lateral to the foramen transversarium
  • vertebral foramen for the spinal cord
35
Q

Describe C1.

A
  • known as the atlas
  • posterior and anterior arches connected by the lateral mass and the superior articular facet for the occipital condyle
  • articular facet for the dens
36
Q

Describe C2.

A
  • known as the axis
  • body with a dens (pivot for the atlas)
  • bifid spinous process, which connects to the. body via the lamina and the superior articular facet for the atlas
37
Q

What is the lateral Atlanto-axial joint?

A
  • pivot joint of the dens
  • allows rotation of the head (side-side)
  • assisted by transverse ligament
38
Q

What is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A
  • allows flexion
  • allows extension (nodding)
39
Q

What are the alar ligaments?

A
  • prevent excessive rotation
  • connects dens to occipital condyles
40
Q

What is the hyoid bone?

A
  • u shaped bone at C3 level in the anterior neck
  • doesn’t articulate with any bones
  • suspended by muscles and ligaments
41
Q

Describe the hyoid.

A
  • u shaped
  • body of the hyoid bone has 2 lesser horns
  • 2 greater horns extend posteriorly

bds3 anatomy student 1 (27 decks)

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