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BDS3 ANATOMY Student 1 > 8 - Scalp and cranial cavity > Flashcards

8 - Scalp and cranial cavity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scalp?

A
  • skin and subcutaneous tissue from superior nuchal line of occipital bone to supraorbital margins
  • laterally scalp extends over temporal fascia to zygomatic arch
  • covers the neurocranium
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2
Q

What is the face?

A
  • anterior aspect of head from forehead to chin, and ear to ear
  • covers viscerocranium
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3
Q

What are the different layers of the scalp?

A
  • skin
  • dense connective tissue
  • epicranial aponeurosis
  • loose connective tissue
  • pericranium
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4
Q

What is the scalp proper?

A
  • first 3 layers of scalp tissue
  • skin, dense connective tissue. epicranial aponeurosis
  • move together against the bottom two layers
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5
Q

Describe the skin of the scalp.

A
  • outermost layer
  • contains hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands
  • thickest over occipital
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6
Q

Describe the dense connective tissue of the scalp.

A
  • subcutaneous layer
  • very vascularised (when lacerated, bleeds profusely)
  • cutaneous nerves
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7
Q

Describe the epicranial aponeurosis.

A
  • epicranius
  • tendon and muscle layer of scalp called the occipitofrontalis
  • prevents superficial lacerations from gaping open (when this layer is lacerated, these wounds gape)
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8
Q

What is the action of the occipitofrontalis?

A

Frontal belly - wrinkles forehead
Occipital belly - smoothes forehead

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9
Q

Describe the loose connective tissue of the scalp.

A
  • loose areolar (“packing”) tissue
  • allows movement of outer layers (scalp proper)
  • described as spongy
  • contains spaces that could be susceptible to infection
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10
Q

Describe the pericranium of the scalp.

A
  • external periosteum of skull
  • firmly attached and continuous with sutures (forms fibrous joints)
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11
Q

What is the danger area of the scalp?

A
  • between the aponeurosis and pericranium there can be potential spaces for fluid accumulation or spread of infection
  • infection can spread to eyelids or the root of the nose
  • infection spreads forward as the occipitofrontalis inserts into soft tissue instead of bone
  • infection spread via emissary veins
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12
Q

Describe the innervation of the scalp.

A
  • cutaneous innervation is by the trigeminal (CN V) and cervical nerves C2 and C3
  • aponeurosis is supplied by the facial (CN VII)
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13
Q

What are the branches of CN V1 and what area of the scalp/face do they innervate?

A
  • supraorbital
  • supratrochlear
  • infratrochlear
  • external nasal
  • lacrimal
  • forehead to external corner of the eye, to the tip of the nose
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14
Q

What are the branches of CN V2 and what area of the scalp/face do they innervate?

A
  • zygomaticofacial
  • zygomaticotemporal
  • infraorbital
  • temples, anterior portion of the cheekbones, upper lip, Ala of the nose
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15
Q

What are the sensory branches of CN V3 and what area of the scalp/face do they innervate?

A
  • buccal
  • mental
  • auriculotemporal
  • temporal fossa, anterior half of the ear, posterior portion of the cheekbones, lower lip, chin
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16
Q

What are the branches of C2 and what area of the scalp do they innervate?

A
  • greater occipital
  • vertex -> superior nuchal line,
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17
Q

What are the branches of C3 and what area of the scalp do they innervate?

A
  • third occipital
  • back of the neck, inferior to superior nuchal line
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18
Q

What are the branches of the cervical plexus and what area of the scalp do they innervate?

A
  • great auricular
  • lesser occipital
  • posterior half of the ear, angle of the mandible, lateral side of the neck
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19
Q

What is the arterial supply of the scalp?

A

Anterior - ICA
Lateral - ECA
Posterior - ECA

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20
Q

What are the branches of the ICA that supply the scalp?

A
  • supraorbital
  • supratrochlear
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21
Q

What are the branches of the ECA that supply the scalp?

A
  • superficial temporal
  • posterior auricular
  • occipital
22
Q

What is the venous drainage of the scalp?

A
  • EJV
  • IJV
23
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the scalp.

A

Anterior - pre-auricular and parotid nodes
Posterior - mastoid and occipital nodes, drain into deep cervical nodes

24
Q

What are the 3 fossa of the cranial cavity?

A
  • anterior (most shallow)
  • middle
  • posterior
25
Q

What divides the anterior and middle cranial fossa?

A

Sphenoid crest

26
Q

What divides the middle and posterior cranial fossa?

A

Superior border of petrous temporal bone

27
Q

Describe the anterior cranial fossa.

A
  • frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones
  • occupied by the frontal lobes
28
Q

What is the crista galli?

A
  • ridge in ethmoid
  • site of attachment for falx cerebri
29
Q

Where are the olfactory bulbs located?

A
  • CN I
  • receive fibres from the nasal cavity via the foramina in the cribriform plate
  • lateral to cristi galli
30
Q

Describe the middle cranial fossa.

A
  • sphenoid and temporal bones
  • occupied by temporal lobes
31
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A
  • hypophyseal or pituitary fossa
  • found in the deepest part of the sella turcica
  • surrounded by bony projections (clinoid processes and dorsum sellae)
32
Q

Describe the posterior cranial fossa.

A
  • sphenoid, occipital and temporal bones
  • occupied by brainstem and cerebellum
33
Q

What is the clivus?

A

Where brainstem enters the foramen magnum (pons)

34
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A
  • large foramen in the base of the skull
  • medulla oblongata located here
35
Q

What are granular foveolae?

A

Small indentations caused by arachnoid granulations that return CSF to venous circulation

36
Q

What are buttresses?

A
  • thicker portions of cranial bone that transmit forces around the weaker areas
  • bypasses orbital and nasal cavity
37
Q

Describe the frontonasal buttress.

A
  • region of canine teeth
  • between nasal and orbital cavities in the frontal bone
38
Q

Describe the zygomatic arch-lateral orbital margin buttress.

A

Region of molars to lateral frontal and temporal bones

39
Q

Describe the occipital buttress.

A

Transmits forces received lateral to foramen magnum from the vertebral column

40
Q

What are the cranial meninges?

A
  • membranous layer that help protect the brain
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • subarachnoid space
  • pia mater
41
Q

Describe dura mater.

A
  • 2 layers, periosteal and meningeal
  • periosteal layer is attached to bone
  • menenigeal layer is in contact with arachnoid layer (in health)
  • layers separate at venous sinuses and dural folds
42
Q

Describe arachnoid mater.

A
  • lines dura mater (in health)
  • trabeculae project from in the internal surface and are continuous with Pia mater
  • granulations project from external surface to return CSF to venous drainage
43
Q

Describe the subarachnoid space.

A
  • filled with CSF and blood vessels
  • granulations project into sinuses to return CSF to venous drainage
44
Q

Describe pia mater.

A
  • thin membrane attached to surface of brain
  • enters sulci of brain
45
Q

What are the dura mater folds?

A
  • falx cerebri
  • tentorium cerebelli
  • falx cerebelli
  • diaphragma sellae
46
Q

Describe the location of falx cerebri.

A
  • largest
  • runs along sagittal sinus between the two lobes
47
Q

Describe the location of falx cerebelli.

A
  • runs in midline
  • separates the two lobes of the cerebellum
48
Q

Describe the location of tentrorium cerebelli.

A
  • runs transverse
  • separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
49
Q

Describe the location of diaphragma sellae.

A
  • smallest
  • forms roof over pituitary fossa
50
Q

What is the function of the dura mater folds?

A

Limit movement of the brain within the cavity.

51
Q

What is the arterial supply of the dura mater?

A
  • anterior meningeal arteries
  • middle and accessory meningeal arteries
  • posterior meningeal arteries

BDS3 ANATOMY Student 1 (27 decks)

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