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Integrated Physiology > Exam 1 (Chapter 7) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Chapter 7) Flashcards

1
Q

what do hormones act on?

A

target cels

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2
Q

what (3) things do hormones do?

A

-alter rates of enzymatic rxns
-alter transport of ions/molecules across cell membrane
-alter gene expression & protein synthesis

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3
Q

what is goiter?

A

swelling of the thyroid gland
-due to an excess of the thyroid hormones

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4
Q

what are (3) steps on how to identify the gland & hormone?

A

1) remove suspect gland
2) replace the hormone (gland extract)
3) create hormone excess

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5
Q

what is different about pheromones in relation to being a hormone?

A

they are secreted into the external environment
-not by blood like a normal hormone

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6
Q

what is different about cytokines in relation to being a hormone?

A

they are made on demand
-not stored

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7
Q

what are candidate hormones?

A

hormones that appear to look/act like a hormone but are a little bit different
-end in “factor”

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8
Q

what are (3) ways you can terminate a hormone?

A

-limit secretion of hormone
-remove / inactive hormone (enzymes)
-terminate action at the cell (remove receptor, alter pathway)

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9
Q

what does half-life indicate when referring to a hormone? what does it mean to have a short half life?

A

indicates length of activity and time it takes do reduce conc.
-short 1/2 life = short activity time, quick removal of hormone

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10
Q

what are (3) ways hormones are classified?

A

-source of hormone
-if release controlled by brain or not
-receptor type they bind to

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11
Q

what are the (3) main chemical classes of hormones?

A

-peptide/protein hormone
-steroid hormone
-amine hormone

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12
Q

what is required for peptide/protein hormone synthesis?

A

ribosomes, rough ER, golgi
-preprohormone, prohormone

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13
Q

how is a preprohormone made into prohormone? how is it made into an active hormone?

A

-preprohormone is shuttled to the rough ER
-sequence is trimmed to make the prohormone
-prohormone is sent to the golgi to be stored in a vesicle
-enzyme inside vesicle cuts & processes it to make the active hormone

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14
Q

how is a peptide/protein hormone released?

A

-signal is sent to vesicle
-vesicle moves & fuses with plasma membrane
-exocytosis of vesicle to release hormone

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15
Q

how are peptide/protein hormones transported in the blood? (philic or phobic?)

A

hydroPHILIC / lipoPHOBIC
-can dissolve in plasma
-NO transport protein needed

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16
Q

what type of receptor do peptide/protein hormones use? what mechanism of action is it?

A

surface receptors
-2nd messenger systems (G-protein, receptor kinases)

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17
Q

do peptide/protein hormones have a fast or slow response? is the half life short or long?

A

fast response
short 1/2 life

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18
Q

what is required for steroid hormone synthesis? where is it made?

A

cholesterol
-made in smooth ER

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19
Q

how are steroid hormones stored and released?

A

NOT STORED
-made on demand
-released through simple diffusion

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20
Q

are steroid hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydroPHOBIC / lipoPHILIC

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21
Q

how are steroid hormones transported in the blood?

A

they require a transport protein
-plasma proteins (makes it water soluble)

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22
Q

what type of receptors do steroid hormones use?

A

intracellular receptors
-on the cytoplasm or nucleus

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23
Q

what is the mechanism of action of steroid hormones?

A

alter gene expression

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24
Q

do steroid hormones have a fast or slow response? is the half life short or long?

A

slow response
-long 1/2 life

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25
Q

what are the (5) steroid hormones?

A

testosterone
estrogen
aldosterone
cortisol
progesterone

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26
Q

what are the two types of amine hormones?

A

catecholamines
thyroid hormones

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27
Q

what is required for catecholamine synthesis?

A

tyrosine (mainly)
tryptophan

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28
Q

are catecholamines hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydroPHILIC / lipoPHOBIC

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29
Q

what type of receptor do catecholamines use? what is their mechanism of action?

A

surface receptors
-2nd messenger systems

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30
Q

how are catecholamines stored and released?

A

-stored in vesicles
-released by exocytosis

NOT MADE ON DEMAND

31
Q

how are catecholamines transported in the blood?

A

no transport protein
-dissolve in plasma

32
Q

do catecholamines have a fast or slow response? is the half life short or long?

A

FAST response
SHORT 1/2 life

33
Q

what are the four common catecholamines?

A

norepinephrine (tyr)
epinephrine (tyr)
dopamine (tyr)
melatonin (trp)

34
Q

what is required for thyroid hormone synthesis?

A

tyrosine and iodine

35
Q

are thyroid hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydroPHOBIC / lipoPHILIC

36
Q

what types of receptors do thyroid hormones use? what is their mechanism of action?

A

intracellular receptors
-alters gene expression

37
Q

how are thyroid hormones stored? are they made on demand?

A

stored in the colloid
-NOT made on demand

38
Q

how are thyroid hormones transported in the blood?

A

use transport proteins
-plasma proteins (makes it water soluble)

39
Q

do thyroid hormones have a fast or slow response? is the half life short or long?

A

SLOW response
LONG 1/2 life

40
Q

what is the (1) thyroid hormone?

A

T3 & T4

41
Q

what are the three types of neurohormones?

A

-adrenal medulla neurohormone that releases catecholamines
-hypothalamic neurohormone released by post pit.
-hypothalamic neurohormone that controls release by ant. pit.

42
Q

what two glands make up the pituitary gland?

A

anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary

43
Q

is the ant. pit. made out of endocrine or nervous tissue?

A

true endocrine tissue

44
Q

what (6) hormones does the ant. pit. secrete? which one isn’t trophic?

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, GH
-prolactin is NOT trophic

45
Q

what is a trophic hormone?

A

a hormone that controls secretion of other hormones

46
Q

is the post. pit. made out of endocrine or nervous tissue?

A

nervous tissue

47
Q

what (2) hormones does the post. pit. secrete?

A

vasopressin/ADH
oxytocin

48
Q

what is the main effect of vasopressin / ADH?

A

regulates water balance in kidneys
-decreases urine output

49
Q

what are the main effects of oxytocin?

A

milk ejection
contraction of uterine muscle

50
Q

are the two post. pit. hormones trophic?

A

NO, not trophic

51
Q

what is the portal system? why is it needed?

A

connects the hypothalamus to the ant. pit.
-allows hormones to travel w/o going thru general circulation
-allows for quick delivery and can be released in small amounts

capillary bed 1 -> portal vein -> capillary bed 2

52
Q

what are the two types of feedback pathways in hormones?

A

long loop feedback
short loop feedback

53
Q

what is long loop feedback?

A

terminal hormone inhibits hypothalamus and ant. pit.
-MAJORITY!

54
Q

what is short loop feedback?

A

ant. pit. hormone inhibits hypothalamus
-GH, ACTH, prolactin

55
Q

which hormone pathway (of the ones we need to know for the exam) doesn’t have short-loop feedback?

A

thyroid gland hormone pathway

56
Q

cortisol pathway

A

CRH -> ACTH -> cortisol (adrenal cortex)

57
Q

thyroid gland pathway

A

TRH -> TSH -> T3 & Tr (thyroid gland)

58
Q

growth hormone pathway

A

GHRH (GHIH/somatostatin) -> GH -> IGFs (liver & other)

59
Q

what is synergism?

A

2 or more hormones interact and yield a result greater than the sum

EX: glucagon, Epi, cortisol
-all increase blood glucose
-together the increase glucose more than expected value

60
Q

what is permissiveness?

A

one hormone unable to exert its full effects unless a second hormone is present

EX: thyroid hormone is permissive to reproduction hormones
-TH & no reproductive hormones = no reproductive system
-no TH & reproductive hormones = no reproductive system

61
Q

what is antagonism hormone interaction?

A

two hormones oppose each other’s effects

EX: glucagon & insulin
-glucagon increases blood glucose
-insulin decreases blood glucose

62
Q

what is hypersecretion?

A

too much hormone
-creates an exaggeration of hormone effects
-due to exogenous substances

63
Q

what are exogenous substances?

A

substance that comes from outside the body
-commonly from medical treatments

EX: cortisol pathway
-acts as (-) feedback & shuts off CRH & ACTH production
-leads to no natural cortisol production
-overtime, it causes the cell to atrophy (cell shrinkage)

64
Q

what is hyposecretion?

A

too little hormone
-diminishes or removes hormone effects

EX: cortisol pathway
-low cortisol = no negative feedback
-leads to high CRH & ACTH

65
Q

what happens when the hormone receptor is defective? what (2) things can cause this?

A

hormone can’t bind and creates a low cell response
-due to down regulated receptors or missing / nonfunctional receptors (mutation)
-acts like hyposecretion patterns

66
Q

what happens when the hormone signal transduction pathway is defective? what is the common example?

A

hormone binds, but doesn’t generate the response

EX: pseudohypothyroidism
-impacts parathyroid hormone
-G-protein doesn’t work
-appears as a hormone deficiency

67
Q

what are the three diagnosis (pathologies) for endocrine defects?

A

primary pathology
secondary pathology
tertiary pathology

68
Q

what is primary pathology? what are the hormone levels (high / low) in the thyroid gland for a primary hypo AND hyper secretion defect?

A

last gland is defective
-HYPO: high TRH & TSH, low T3 T4
-HYPER: low TRH & TSH, high T3 T4

69
Q

what is secondary pathology? what are the hormone levels (high / low) in the thyroid gland for a secondary hypo AND hyper secretion defect?

A

second gland (ant. pit) is defective
-HYPO: high TRH, low TSH & T3 T4
-HYPER: low TRH, high TSH & T3 T4

70
Q

what is tertiary pathology? why is it hard to diagnose?

A

first gland is defective (hypothalamus)
-all hormones will be either high (hyper) or low (hypo)
-hard to detect b/c it goes through the portal system, not the general bloodstream

71
Q

what is evolutionary conservation?

A

human hormones similar in structure & function being the same in animals
-similar function across vertebrates

EX: insulin in cow, pig, sheep fully function in humans

72
Q

is Calcitonin conserved in humans?

A

NO
-fish calcitonin: Ca2+ regulation
-human calcitonin: no role in Ca2+ regulation, has a bigger role in the brain as a NT

73
Q

what does the word vestigial mean?

A

a structure that has a function in some organisms, but in other organisms it is present but has NO function

EX: Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
-Reptiles: from pineal gland & uses MSH in lg. amounts
-Humans: has a sm. structure for MSH, does not produce MSH

74
Q

what is comparative endocringology?

A

looking at hormones in animals to make discovery of hormones in humans
-comparing hormones in other organisms

EX: melatonin discovery in humans
-melatonin was first discovered in tadpoles
-compared it to humans and made the discovery in humans

Integrated Physiology (23 decks)

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