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Integrated Physiology > FINAL EXAM: Unit 3 > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM: Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the structure of sympathetic neurons in the autonomic NS. what do they release? where are they located on the spine?

A

thoracic & lumbar region
-pregang: short, release ACh (N(N), nico)
-autonomic gang: close to SC
-postgang: long, release NE (alpha, beta)

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2
Q

describe the structure of parasympathetic neurons in the autonomic NS. what do they release? where are they located on the spine?

A

brainstem & sacral
-pregang: long release ACh (N(N), nico)
-autonomic gang: close to effector
-postgang: short, release ACh (musc)

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3
Q

what is the neuroeffector junction? what is the pathway at the neuroeffector junction?

A

synapse b/w postgang & effector, end in varicosities
1. AP reaches varicosity
2. depolarization
3. Ca2+ release
4. exocytosis
5. NT release
6. postsynapse

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4
Q

what is special about the neurons in the adrenal medulla?

A

lacks axons, no postganglia

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5
Q

what breaks down NE? what breaks down ACh?

A

MAO: breaks down NE
acetylcholinesterase: breaks down ACh

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6
Q

what is a direct agonist/antagonist?

A

mimic/block NT action

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7
Q

what is an indirect agonist/antagonist?

A

alters secretion, reuptake, or degradation of NT

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8
Q

describe the neurons in the somatic NS

A

only 1 neuron b/w CNS and effector
-skeletal muscle

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9
Q

what is the neuromuscular junction? what is the pathway at the neuromuscular junction?

A

synapse b/w motor neuron & muscle
1. AP reaches terminal
2. depolarization
3. Ca2+ entry
4. ACh release
5. binds N(M) receptor
6. net Na+ entry
7. depolarization
8. AP causes muscle contraction

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10
Q

what is the hearts sympathetic NS receptor and effect? parasympathetic receptor and effect?

A

SYMP: beta 1 -> increased HR
PARASYMP: musc -> decreased HR

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11
Q

what is the blood vessels sympathetic NS receptor and effect? parasympathetic receptor and effect?

A

SYMP: alpha -> constrict, beta -> dilate
PARASYMP: NONE

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12
Q

what is the bronchioles sympathetic NS receptor and effect? parasympathetic receptor and effect?

A

SYMP: beta 2 -> dilation
PARASYMP: musc -> constrict

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13
Q

what is the GI tracts sympathetic NS receptor and effect? parasympathetic receptor and effect?

A

SYMP: alpha 2 -> decrease motility & secretions
PARASYMP: musc -> increase motility & secretions

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14
Q

what is the bladders sympathetic NS receptor and effect? parasympathetic receptor and effect?

A

SYMP: alpha 1 -> relax (retention)
PARASYMP: musc -> contract (empty)

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15
Q

what is the pupils sympathetic NS receptor and effect? parasympathetic receptor and effect?

A

SYMP: alpha 1 -> dilate
PARASYMP: musc -> contract

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16
Q

what is the cilliary muscles sympathetic NS receptor and effect? parasympathetic receptor and effect?

A

SYMP: alpha 1 -> relax (flat lens)
PARASYMP: musc -> contract (round lens)

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17
Q

what is the sweat glands sympathetic NS receptor and effect? parasympathetic receptor and effect?

A

SYMP: alpha 1 -> increase secretion
PARASYMP: NONE

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18
Q

what is the adipose tissue sympathetic NS receptor and effect? parasympathetic receptor and effect?

A

SYMP: alpha -> breakdown
PARASYMP: NONE

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19
Q

what is the adrenal medullas sympathetic NS receptor and effect? parasympathetic receptor and effect?

A

SYMP: no receptor -> secrete E
PARASYMP: NONE

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20
Q

what is insulins sympathetic NS receptor and effect? parasympathetic receptor and effect?

A

SYMP: alpha 2 -> decrease secretion
PARASYMP: musc -> increase secretion

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21
Q

what is the genitals sympathetic NS receptor and effect? parasympathetic receptor and effect?

A

SYMP: alpha 1 -> orgasm
PARASYMP: musc -> erection

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22
Q

what are the two fibers in a sarcomere?

A

myosin: thick, heavy & light chains, ATPase activity
actin: thin, troponin & tropomyosin

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23
Q

what is the Z-disk?

A

attachment for actin

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24
Q

what is the I-band?

A

length of ONLY actin, spans into next sarcomere

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25
Q

what is the A band?

A

entire length of myosin

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26
Q

what is the H zone?

A

in the middle, length of ONLY myosin

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27
Q

what is the M line?

A

MIDDLE, myosin attachment site

28
Q

what is titin?

A

elastic, stabilizes contractile fibers

29
Q

what is nebulin?

A

inelastic, stabilizes actin

30
Q

what is the process of muscle contraction during the neuromuscular junction phase?

A
  1. AP reaches motor neuron
  2. Ca2+ entry
  3. exocytosis
  4. ACh release
  5. binds nicotinic receptors
  6. net Na+ entry
31
Q

what is the process of muscle contraction during the excitation-contraction coupling phase?

A
  1. AP reaches T-tubule
  2. activates DHP receptor -> Ca2+ release
  3. SR opens RyR channels -> Ca2+ release
  4. troponin
  5. tropomyosin moves off myosin binding site
  6. powerstroke
32
Q

what is the process of muscle contraction during the powerstroke?

A
  1. myosin binds to actin
  2. ATP binds
  3. myosin releases
  4. myosin head cocks
  5. Ca2+ activates myosin’s powerstroke
  6. Pi released
  7. ADP released
  8. myosin back to rigor state
33
Q

what is the process of muscle contraction during the contration-relaxation cycle?

A
  1. crossbridge forms
  2. I and H bands shorten
  3. sarcomere overall shortens and contracts
  4. Ca2+ ATPase pumps Ca2+ back into SR
  5. tropomyosin binds to myosin binding site
  6. ACh degraded
34
Q

what are the three ways ATP is supplied?

A

phosphocreatine: fastest, donates a phosphate
oxidative phosphorylation: makes the most
anaerobic glycolysis: when O2 is low

35
Q

what is the difference b/w central and peripheral fatigue?

A

central: psychological
peripheral: physiological

36
Q

what are the three types of muscle fibers? what are examples of movements associated with each?

A

slow-twitch (Type 1): posture
fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic (Type 2A): standing, walking
fast-twitch glycolytic (Type 2X): jumping, sprinting

37
Q

which of the fiber types are fatigue resistant?

A

Type 1 & 2A

38
Q

which of the fiber types use aerobic? which are anaerobic?

A

aerobic: Type 1 & 2A
anaerobic: Type 2A & 2X

39
Q

which fiber type has the highest level of capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin?

A

Type 1

40
Q

what does it mean when there are more fast motor units? what about more slow motor units?

A

fast units: more tension
slow units: less tension, endurance

41
Q

describe the motor units for fine movement

A

more units
less fibers per neuron
more tension

42
Q

describe the motor units for gross movement

A

less units
more fibers per neuron
less tension

43
Q

what is the difference between isotonic and isometric contractions?

A

isotonic: force and movement
isometric: force w/o movement

44
Q

what is the difference between concentric and eccentric movements?

A

concentric: muscle shortens, flexing
eccentric: muscle lengthens, extending

45
Q

which of the three muscle types (skeletal, smooth, cardiac) are striated?

A

skeletal & cardiac

46
Q

which of the three muscle types (skeletal, smooth, cardiac) has no sarcomeres, t-tubules, or troponin?

A

smooth

47
Q

which of the three muscle types (skeletal, smooth, cardiac) gets its Ca2+ from the ECF & SR?

A

smooth & cardiac
-skeletal gets Ca2+ from just the SR

48
Q

which of the three muscle types (skeletal, smooth, cardiac) is controlled by the autonomic NS?

A

smooth & cardiac
-skeletal controlled by somatic NS

49
Q

describe the contraction pathway for smooth muscle

A
  1. Ca2+ entry from ECF
  2. Ca2+ entry from SR
  3. Ca2+ binds calmodulin
  4. activates myosin light chain kinase
  5. phosphorylation of myosin light chains
  6. cross-bridge and powerstroke
  7. contraction
50
Q

describe the relaxation for smooth muscle

A
  1. Ca2+ ATPase pumps Ca2+ into ECF & SR
  2. dephosphorylation of myosin light chains
51
Q

what triggers the SR to release Ca2+?

A

Ca2+ induced (due to ECF Ca2+ release)
IP3 mediated

52
Q

what triggers ECF Ca2+ release?

A

Ca2+ channels (voltage, ligand, stretch)

53
Q

what does histamine and NO do to smooth muscle?

A

histamine: contract
NO: relax

54
Q

what are muscle spindles?

A

respond to stretch
-contain intrafusal fibers
-ENDs: contractile, efferent signals, gamma motor neurons
-MIDDLE: noncontractile, afferent signals, alpha motor neurons

55
Q

what is the stretch reflex pathway?

A
  1. stretch in extrafusal fibers
  2. detected by muscle spindle
  3. afferent signal to SC
  4. alpha neuron goes to extrafusal fibers to contract extensor
  5. gamma neuron goes to muscle spindle to contract in proportion
56
Q

what is reciprocal inhibition pathway?

A
  1. tap tendon -> spindle -> afferent to SC
  2. alpha neuron contracts quad (monosynaptic)
  3. inhibitory alpha neuron relaxes hamstring (polysynaptic)
57
Q

what is the flexion reflex pathway?

A
  1. pain on RIGHT side of body -> spindle -> afferent to SC
  2. alpha neuron contracts RIGHT flexor
  3. inhibitory alpha neuron relaxes RIGHT extensor
  4. alpha neuron contract LEFT extensor
  5. inhibitory alpha neuron relaxes LEFT flexor
58
Q

describe the three types of movement (reflex, voluntary, rhythmic)

A

reflex: external stimuli, integrated in SC
voluntary: external stimuli & will, cerebral cortex
rhythmic: will, SC & cerebral cortex

59
Q

what does the spinal cord do for movement? what part of movement is it responsible for?

A

spinal reflexes, CPGs (maintain movement after initation), cross over in corticospinal tract
-executing movement

60
Q

what does the brainstem do for movement? what part of movement is it responsible for?

A

posture, hand & eye movements
-executing movement

61
Q

what does the cerebral cortex do for movement? what part of movement is it responsible for?

A

planning & coordinating voluntary movement, senses
-decision-making & planning, initiating movement

62
Q

what does the cerebellum do for movement? what part of movement is it responsible for?

A

adjusts voluntary movement & monitors, balance
-decision-making & planning, executing movement

63
Q

what does the thalamus do for movement?

A

relay station for cerebral cortex

64
Q

what does the basal ganglia do for movement? what part of movement is it responsible for?

A

motor planning & feedback to thalamus, releases DA
-decision-making & planning

65
Q

describe the corticospinal tract pathway

A
  1. descending tract
  2. brainstem
  3. cross over in medulla pyramids
  4. alpha motor neurons
  5. SC

Integrated Physiology (23 decks)

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