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Integrated Physiology > FINAL EXAM: Unit 5 > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM: Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what happens to pressure when volume increases?

A

pressure decreases

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2
Q

what are bronchoconstrictors?

A

parasymp (ACh->musc)
histamine
leukotrienes

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3
Q

what are bronchodilators?

A

symp (E -> beta2)
low O2 = high CO2

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4
Q

what is the difference b/w type 1 and type 2 alveoli?

A

type 1: gas exchange
type 2: secrete surfactant (reduces surface tension of H2O)

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5
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

volume of inspiration and expiration

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6
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

volume of inspire above tidal volume

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7
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume?

A

forceful exhale after expiration

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8
Q

what is residual volume?

A

volume left in lungs after max exhale

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9
Q

what is vital capacity?

A

IRV + ERV + V(T)

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10
Q

what is total lung capacity?

A

VC + RV

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11
Q

what is inspiratory capacity?

A

TV + IRV

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12
Q

what is functional residual capacity?

A

ERV + RV

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13
Q

what happens during inspiration? (pressure, diaphragm, muscles)

A

-volume increases, pressure decreases
-diaphragm contracts
-pressure is higher in the environment
-external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scclenes

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14
Q

what happens during expiration? (pressure, diaphragm, muscles)

A

-volume decreases, pressure increases
-pressure is higher in alveoli
-internal intercostals, abdominals

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15
Q

what is lung compliance?

A

high: stretches easily, fills with air
low: requires more force

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16
Q

what is the equation for total pulmonary ventilation?

A

breathing rate * tidal volume

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17
Q

what is the equation for alveolar ventilation?

A

breathing rate * (tidal volume - dead space)

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18
Q

what happens in restrictive and obstructive diseases?

A

RESTRICTIVE: decreased lung compliance
-FEV1 & FVC decrease same amount

OBSTRUCTIVE: decreased airflow
-FEV1 decreases more

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19
Q

which has the higher pressure for O2, alveoli or pulmonary capillaries?

A

alveoli

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20
Q

which has the higher pressure for CO2, alveoli or pulmonary capillaries?

A

pulmonary capillaries

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21
Q

which has the higher pressure of O2, cells or systemic capillaries?

A

systemic capillaries

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22
Q

which has the higher pressure of CO2, cells or systemic capillaries?

A

cells

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23
Q

what is the equation for CO2 -> HCO3-

A
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24
Q

how does high altitude, surface area, distance, concentration gradient, permeability, and resistance impact diffusion?

A

high altitude (decreased pressure) = (-)
surface area = (+)
distance = (-)
concentration gradient = (+)
permeability = (+)
resistance = (-)

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25
Q

how does a high pH, high temp, more CO2, and more 2,3-BPG affect Hb-O2 affinity?

A

high pH = (+)
high temp = (-)
more CO2 = (-)
more 2,3-BPG = (-)

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26
Q

which way does the graph shift when the affinity of Hb-O2 increases?

A

shift left

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27
Q

how does CO2 get converted to HCO3-? what is the pathway of transport for CO2 to the environment?

A

H2O + CO2 = H+ + HCO3- (carbonic anhydrase)
1. HCO3- exits RBC
2. Cl- enters RBC
3. HCO3- in plasma goes into another RBC
4. converted back into CO2
5. alveoli
6. environment

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28
Q

how does DRG, PAG, and VRG regulate ventiliation?

A

DRG: controls muscles of inspiration
PAG: controls firing rate of DRG
VRG:
-prebotzinger complex=controls firing rate of PRG
-other areas= control muscles of expiration

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29
Q

how does low O2, high CO2, and low pH affect ventilation?

A

increase ventilation (get rid of CO2)

30
Q

what is the pathway of peripheral and central chemoreceptors for low O2 and high CO2?

A
  1. low O2 -> peripheral receptor -> depo -> brain
  2. high CO2 -> peripheral receptor -> brain
  3. CO2 converted to HCO3- -> decrease pH -> central receptor
  4. increases ventilation
31
Q

what is filtration?

A

blood -> nephron
-non-specific

32
Q

what are three filtration barriers?

A

glomerular capillary epithelium = fenestrated
basement MB = negative charges repel
bowmans capsule epithelium = podocytes & filtration slits

33
Q

what is the equation for net filtration pressure?

A

hydrostatic pressure - osmotic pressure - fluid pressure
(+)=filtration
(-)=no filtration

34
Q

how does net filtration pressure and filtration coefficient impact GFR?

A

both increase GFR

35
Q

how does resistance in the afferent arteriole impact GFR?

A

less blood -> decreases GFR

36
Q

how does resistance in the efferent arteriole impact GFR?

A

blood pools -> increases GFR

37
Q

what happens to BP when you increase GFR?

A

decreases BP, decreases blood volume

38
Q

what occurs during tubuloglomerular feedback?

A
  1. macula densa release paracrine
  2. acts on granular cells
  3. secrete renin
  4. constricts afferent arteriole
39
Q

how does the sympathetic (alpha) NS affect GFR?

A

decreases GFR = increases MAP & BP

40
Q

how does angiotensin 2 affect GFR?

A

constrictor = decreases GFR

41
Q

how does prostaglandin affect GFR?

A

dilator = increases GFR

42
Q

what is reabsorption?

A

nephron -> peritubular capillaries
-specific, saturation, competition

43
Q

how does primary active Na+ transport work?

A
  1. antiporter on apical side (Na+ in, H+ out)
  2. antiporter on basolateral side (Na+ out, K+ in)
  3. high Na+ & H2O in blood
44
Q

how does secondary active Na+ transport work?

A
  1. symporter on apical side (Na+ & glucose IN)
  2. antiporter on basolateral side (Na+ out, K+ in)
  3. glucose transported out
  4. Na+ & H2O high in blood
45
Q

how does urea transport?

A

passively
-transported out due to Na+ gradient

46
Q

how do plasma proteins transport?

A

endocytosis
-too big
-vesicular active transport

47
Q

what is secretion?

A

blood -> nephron
-specific, saturation, competition

48
Q

how does tertiary active transport work?

A
  1. antiporter on basolateral side (Na+ out, K+ in)
  2. symporter on basolateral side (Na+ & dicarboxylate IN)
  3. antiporter on basolateral side (dicarboxylate out, organic anion in)
  4. organic anion transported out on apical side into the cell through an OAT transporter
49
Q

what is the equation for excretion?

A

filtration - reabsorption + secretion

50
Q

what is the equation for clearance rate?

A

excretion rate / amount in plasma

51
Q

what is the equation for excretion rate?

A

urine volume * urine creatine

52
Q

what is special about inulin and creatine?

A

only FILTERED

53
Q

what happens if clearance rate is less than GFR? greater than? equal to?

A

less than GFR = reabsorbed
more than GFR = secreted
equal to GFR = filtered

54
Q

what is the pathway for urination (micturation)?

A
  1. stretch in bladder
  2. SC
  3. parasymp -> bladder contracts -> internal sphincter opens
  4. inhibitory neuron -> signal blocked -> external sphincter relax
  5. urination
55
Q

how is the medullary gradient created?

A

LOH & vasa recta fluids move in opposite direction
-descending LOH = water leaves -> blood
-ascending LOH = solute leaves and stays in interstitial fluid

56
Q

how does ADH/vasopressin affect water?

A

promotes water reabsorption
-concentrated urine
-secreted by posterior pituitary

57
Q

what is the pathway of ADH/vasopressin?

A
  1. ADH acts on collecting duct receptor
  2. cAMP pathway
  3. inserts aquaporins on apical MB
  4. water enters and leaves on basolateral side
  5. water enters blood
58
Q

what triggers ADH/vasopressin?

A

low BP (low blood volume)
high osmolarity

59
Q

how does aldosterone impact Na+, H2O, and K+?

A

Na+ & H2O reabsorption
K+ secretion
-secreted by the adrenal cortex

60
Q

what is the pathway of aldosterone?

A
  1. aldosterone acts on principle cells
  2. alters channels on MB
  3. Na+ enters blood
  4. K+ enters nephron
61
Q

what triggers aldosterone?

A

high K+
low osmolarity
low BP

62
Q

how does RAAS impact Na+ and H2O?

A

Na+ & H2O reabsorption

63
Q

what is the pathway of RAAS?

A
  1. low BP
  2. symp NS acts constricts and acts on granular cells
  3. renin is released and goes to blood
  4. angiotensinogen -> angiotensin 1
  5. angiotensin 1 -> angiotensin 2 (ACE)
  6. constriction
  7. increase BP
64
Q

how does naturetic peptide (ANP) impact Na+ and H2O?

A

Na+ & H2O secretion

65
Q

what is the pathway of ANP?

A
  1. increase BP
  2. increase stretch
  3. ANP release
  4. overall decreases BP
66
Q

what causes dehydration?

A

low volume
low BP
high osmolarity

67
Q

what is the dehydration pathway?

A
  1. low BP
  2. increase symp NS -> constrict
  3. decrease in GFR
  4. increase RAAS
  5. inhibit adrenal cortex (stop the increase in osmolarity)
68
Q

what are examples of the ICF mechanisms of buffers?

A

cellular proteins
phosphate
ammonia

69
Q

what are examples of the ECF mechanism of buffers?

A

bicarbonate

70
Q

how does low pH affect the respiratory system?

A

leads to hyperventilation (decrease CO2)

71
Q

what is respiratory acidosis? respiratory alkalosis?

A

acidosis = high H+ & HCO3-, low pH -> caused by hypovent
alkalosis = low H+ & HCO3-, high pH -> caused by hypervent

72
Q

what is metabolic acidosis? metabolic alkalosis?

A

acidosis= = high H+, low HCO3- & pH -> leads to hypervent
alkalosis = low H+, high HCO3- & pH -> leads to hypo

Integrated Physiology (23 decks)

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