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Integrated Physiology > FINAL EXAM: Unit 6 > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM: Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the three GI tract movements (migrating motor complex, peristalsis, segmental contractions)

A

migrating motor complex: b/w meals
peristalsis: during a meal, moves food forward
segmental: during a meal, alternate relaxtion & contraction

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2
Q

how does the enteric NS impact the GI tract?

A

no CNS, uses submucosal & myenteric plexuses (intrinsic)
-release NT, glial support cells
-diffusion barrier

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3
Q

what does gastrin do?

A

gastric acid secretion

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4
Q

what does CCK do?

A

gallbladder contraction (bile)
pancreatic secretions
inhibits gastric phase

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5
Q

what does secretin do?

A

HCO3- secretion
inhibit gastric phase

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6
Q

what does motilin do?

A

stimulates migrating motor complex

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7
Q

what does GIP do?

A

insulin release
inhibit gastric phase

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8
Q

what does GLP-1 do?

A

insulin release
inhibit gastric phase

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9
Q

what is the cephalic phase stimulated by?

A

anticipatory reflex, food in mouth

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10
Q

what does the cephalic phase do?

A

vagal reflex: increase gastrin
saliva production
mastication
swallowing reflex

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11
Q

what is the swallowing reflex pathway?

A
  1. tongue hits soft palate
  2. medulla oblongata stimulated
  3. CN9
  4. close nasopharynx
  5. upper esophagus sphincter relaxes
  6. peristaltic contractions
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12
Q

what stimulates the gastric phase?

A

vagal reflex, stomach distension (stretch)

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13
Q

what does the gastric phase do?

A

increase motility & secretions
segmental contractions (stirring)

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14
Q

what does the parietal cells secrete? functions?

A

HCl: activate pepsin, kill bacteria
Intrinsic factor: vitamin b12, absorption

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15
Q

what does the chief cells secrete? functions?

A

pepsin: breakdown proteins
gastric lipase: breakdown fats

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16
Q

what does the mucous cells secrete? functions?

A

mucus: barrier to acid
bicarbonate: increases pH

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17
Q

what does G cells secrete? functions?

A

gastrin: increases motility & acid secretion

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18
Q

what does D cells secrete? functions?

A

somatostatin: inhibit gastrin & HCl

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19
Q

what stimulates the intestinal phase?

A

chyme entering, change in pH

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20
Q

what does the small intestine secrete? functions?

A

peptidase: breakdown proteins
disaccharide: breakdown carbs
secretin & CCK: inhibit gastric phase, secrete digestive enzymes

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21
Q

what does the liver and gallbladder do?

A

synthesize and store bile (breakdown fats)

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22
Q

what are the pancreas endocrine secretions? functions?

A

insulin: glucose high, beta-islet
glucagon: glucose low, alpha-islet

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23
Q

what are the pancreas exocrine secretions? functions?

A

pancreatic amylase: breakdown carbs
pancreatic lipase: breakdown fats
peptidases: breakdown proteins & fats

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24
Q

what three enzymes help breakdown carbs?

A

salivary amylase
pancreatic amylase
disaccharides

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25
Q

what is the pathway of carb breakdown?

A
  1. polysaccharide (starch, glycogen)
  2. disaccharide (maltose, sucrose, lactose)
  3. monosaccharide
  4. glucose & galactose -> Na+ dependent transport
  5. fructose -> facilitated diffusion
  6. hepatic portal system
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26
Q

what enzymes help breakdown proteins?

A

ENDO: pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin (cleave bonds in middle)
EXO: carboxypeptidase, protease (cleave bonds on ends)

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27
Q

what is the pathway of protein breakdown?

A
  1. polypeptidase broken by endo/exopeptidases
  2. free amino acids
  3. active transport, co-transport, transcytosis
  4. hepatic portal system
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28
Q

what enzymes help breakdown fats?

A

salivary lipase
bile
collipase
phospholipase

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29
Q

what is the pathway of fat breakdown?

A
  1. fat broken down by bile
  2. triglycerides broken down by lipase
  3. monoglycerol & FAs form micelles
  4. goes to the villi & microvilli
  5. goes into intestinal cell -> smooth ER
  6. converted back into triglycerides
  7. triglyceride + cholesterol + protein = chylomicron
  8. goes to lacteal
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30
Q

where do fat soluble vitamins go? water soluble?

A

fat soluble = lacteal
water soluble = hepatic portal system

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31
Q

what three secretions does the hypothalamus release?

A

NYP: increase food intake
Ghrelin: increase food intake
Orexin: increase food intake

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32
Q

what is the difference b/w the glucostatic theory and the lipostatic theory with relating to hunger?

A

glucostatic: regulator is glucose metabolism
lipostatic: regulator is fat stores, leptin increases satiety

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33
Q

what is the equation for total body energy?

A

energy stored + energy intake - energy output

34
Q

what happens during anabolic rxns?

A

synthesize large molecules
-storage
-fed state

35
Q

what happens during catabolic rxns?

A

breakdown large molecules
-use for energy
-fasted-state

36
Q

what occurs during the fed state?

A

storage, insulin dominates (get glucose out of blood)
-glycolysis (use up glucose)
-lipogenesis (store fats)
-glycogenesis (store glycogen)
-protein synthesis (AA -> protein)

37
Q

what occurs during the fasted state?

A

need energy, glucagon dominates (need more glucose in blood)
-glycogenolysis (glycogen -> glucose)
-gluconeogenesis (make more glucose)
-lipolysis (make into monoglycerides)
-beta-oxidation (make ketones)

38
Q

what is the difference b/w Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1: insulin deficient, autoimmune disease, tissue loss
Type 2: insulin resistant, doesn’t respond

39
Q

what are examples of body temperature inputs and outputs?

A

inputs: radiation, conduction
outputs: radiation, evaporation, convection

40
Q

what are ways the body adapts to temperatures BELOW normal?

A

vasoconstrict
shivering
brown adipose tissue (uses proton gradient)

41
Q

what are ways the body adapts to temperatures ABOVE normal?

A

vasodilate
sweat

42
Q

what is an example of mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, androgen, catecholamine? where do they go?

A

mineralocorticoid: aldosterone -> zona glomerula
glucocorticoid: cortisol -> zona fasciculata
androgen: testosterone -> zona reticularis
catecholamine: E, NE -> adrenal medulla

43
Q

what is the effect of cortisol on the GI tract?

A

promotes gluconeogensis (raise glucose)
enhances lipolysis (need energy)
creates low Ca2+ (decrease absorption, increase excretion)
suppresses inflammatory response

44
Q

what is the synthesis of thyroid hormone?

A

T + I = MIT (monoiodotyrosine)
MIT + I = DIT (diiodotyrosine)
MIT + DIT = T3
DIT + DIT = T4

*deiodinase = T4 -> T3 *

45
Q

what does thyroglobulin do?

A

helps move T3 & T4 from the follicle -> blood
backbone for thyroid hormone

46
Q

what are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

low TRH
hot
weight loss
fidgety
increases HR
autoantibody to increase T3 & T4

47
Q

what are some symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A

high TRH
iodine deficient
cold
weight gain
brittle nails, thin hair, dry skin
fatigue
decreases HR
low T3 & T4

48
Q

what triggers the development of a goiter?

A

high TSH levels

49
Q

how does growth hormone impact the body?

A

promotes gluconeogenesis (need glucose)
stimulates cartilage growth (IGFs)

50
Q

what does GH deficiency lead to? GH oversecretion?

A

deficent: dwarfism
oversecretion: acromegaly (bones thicken), overgrowth of bones

51
Q

how does tissue grow?

A

hypertrophy: increase in size
hyperplasia: increase in number
GH & IGFs (TH)
insulin (put glucose in the cells)

52
Q

what is osteoblast and osteoclast?

A

osteoblast: builds bone
osteoclast: breaks down bone (bone resorption)

53
Q

how do epiphyseal plates close?

A

chondrocytes -> cartilage (IGFs)

54
Q

how does hypocalcemia impact Na+?

A

increases Na+ permeability
-hyperexcitable

55
Q

what three hormones control calcium levels?

A

parathyroid hormone
calcitriol
calcitonin

56
Q

how does parathyroid hormone work?

A

active with LOW Ca2+ (put Ca2+ in the blood)
-increase bone resorption
-increase intestinal Ca2+ absorption
-increase kidney Ca2+ reabsorption

57
Q

how does calcitriol work? (vitamin D3)

A

active with LOW Ca2+
-enhances parathyroid hormone
-skin -> liver -> kidney

58
Q

how does calcitonin work?

A

active with HIGH Ca2+ (put Ca2+ in cells)
-decrease bone resorption
-decrease intestinal Ca2+ absorption
-increase kidney Ca2+ excretion

59
Q

how does the SRY of Y chromosome work?

A
  1. produces TDF
  2. secretes AMP (destroy mullerian)
  3. secrete testosterone (wolffian) -> DHT (external genitals)
60
Q

what is the pathway of spermatogenesis?

A
  1. primary spermatocyte (1st meiosis)
  2. secondary spermatocytes (2nd meiosis)
  3. spermatids (4)
61
Q

what is the pathway of oogenesis?

A
  1. primary oocyte (1st meiosis, completed during puberty)
  2. secondary oocyte (2nd meiosis, completed when fertilized)
  3. ovum + polar body (1)
62
Q

what does GnRH from the hypothalamus secrete?

A

LH & FSH

63
Q

what do sertoli cells secrete? functions?

A

androgen binding protein: bind testosterone, keeps in testes
inhibin: inhibit FSH
activin: enhance FSH

64
Q

what do leydig cells secrete?

A

testosterone

65
Q

what do LH & FSH cells target?

A

LH: target leydig
FSH: target sertoli

66
Q

what are primordial follicles?

A

6-12 released each month to be matured

67
Q

what happens during the early follicular phase?

A

increase FSH: maturation of follicles, activate granulosa
granulosa: secrete AMH, stops further maturation of follicles
thecal cells: secrete estrogen (+ on estrogen, - on FSH & LH)

68
Q

what happens during the mid-late follicular phase?

A

increase estrogen: + on GnRH, LH, FSH
LH surge: ovulation, completes meiosis 1
increase inhibin: decrease FSH

69
Q

what happens during the early-mid luteal phase?

A

corpus luteum forms (secretes progesterone & estrogen)
progesterone: - on GnRH, FSH, LH
inhibin

70
Q

what happens during the late luteal phase with NO FERTILIZATION?

A

corpus luteum destroyed: decrease progesterone & estrogen
tonic levels of GnRH, FSH, LH return

71
Q

what happens during the late luteal phase with FERTILIZATION?

A

corpus luteum stays: increase progesterone & estrogen
2nd meiotic division compelte

72
Q

what happens during the proliferative phase?

A

overlaps with follicular phase
increase estrogen: growth of endometrium

73
Q

what happens during the secretory phase with NO FERTILIZATION?

A

endometrium dies & sheds
vessels contract

74
Q

what happens during the secretory phase with FERTILIZATION?

A

increase progesterone
increase nutrients & blood supply

75
Q

what are the four stages of procreation?

A
  1. excitement
  2. plateau
  3. orgasm
  4. resolution
76
Q

what happens during pregnancy?

A

blastocyst implants
increase progesterone & estrogen
decrease FSH & LH

77
Q

what do the sperm do during the beginning of pregnancy?

A

capacitance: finish maturation
release enzymes to penetrate, zinc spark

78
Q

what two secretions does the placenta release? functions?

A

hCG: keeps corpus luteum active, increase testosterone
hCS: lactation, alter mom’s metabolism

79
Q

what three things happen during parturition?

A

CRH release: start labor
relaxin & prostaglandin release: soften cervix, loosen ligaments
pressure on cervix: increases oxytocin

80
Q

what does prolactin and oxytocin do for lactation?

A

prolactin: milk production
oxytocin: let-down reflex -> milk ejection

Integrated Physiology (23 decks)

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