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Integrated Physiology > Exam 4: Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Exam 4: Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the heart do?

A

generate pressure to push blood

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2
Q

what do the atria do?

A

receive blood from veins and push it to the ventricles

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3
Q

what do the ventricles do?

A

receive blood from the atria and push it to the arteries

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4
Q

are atria and ventricles ever contracted at the same time?

A

NO!

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5
Q

what do arteries do?

A

push blood AWAY from the heart

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6
Q

what do veins do?

A

push blood TO the heart

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7
Q

which is higher in O2, arteries or veins? what are the two exceptions?

A

arteries: HIGH O2 (except the pulmonary artery)
veins: LOW O2 (except the pulmonary vein)

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8
Q

what is the order of blood circulation of the heart? (start with right atria)

A
  1. right atria
  2. right ventricle
  3. pulmonary artery
  4. lungs
  5. pulmonary vein
  6. left atria
  7. left ventricle
  8. aorta
  9. systemic tissues
  10. inferior & superior vena cava
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9
Q

where does the coronary circulation branch off of? where does it go to?

A

branches off the aorta and goes to the right atria
-circulates blood in the heart

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10
Q

what is the pathway of the right coronary artery (RCA)?

A
  1. aorta
  2. RCA
  3. capillaries that go to right side of heart
  4. coronary veins
  5. coronary sinus
  6. right atria
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11
Q

what is the pathway of the left coronary artery (LCA)?

A
  1. aorta
  2. LCA
  3. LAD and circumflex branches
  4. capillaries that go to the left side of the heart
  5. coronary veins
  6. coronary sinus
  7. right atria
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12
Q

is coronary circulation high or low in O2?

A

high

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13
Q

what is the hepatic portal system?

A

connects blood supply of the digestive tract and liver
-does NOT go back to the heart

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14
Q

what are the three functions of the circulatory system?

A

-transport materials entering the body (O2, H2O, nutrients)
-transport materials from cell to cell (immune cells, hormones)
-transport materials leaving the body (waste, heat, CO2)

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15
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

membrane that encases pericardium fluid b/w the heart

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16
Q

what is the myocardium?

A

contractile cells of heart
-BULK of the heart

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17
Q

what are the two main categories of valves in the heart?

A

atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

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18
Q

what are the two atrioventricular valves? where are they?

A

tricuspid (Right atrium -> Right Ventricle)
bicuspid (Left atrium -> Left Ventricle)

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19
Q

what are the two semilunar valves? where are they?

A

pulmonary valve (Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary Artery)
aortic valve (Left Ventricle -> Aorta)

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20
Q

what do the chordae tendineae and the papillary muscles do to ensure 1-way flow?

A

chordae attach to papillary in the AV valves
-prevent them from inverting

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21
Q

what are some features of cardiac muscles?

A

-small, uninucleate
-contain cell junctions called intercalated disks
-contain gap junctions
-large t-tubules
-less developed SR than skeletal muscle

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22
Q

what two things create flow?

A

pressure gradients
resistance

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23
Q

blood flows from areas of (high/low) pressure to areas of (high/low) pressure?

A

high -> low

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24
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure?

A

fluid not moving, force equal in all directions

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25
Q

as fluid moves, what happens to pressure over distance?

A

pressure decreases
-due to energy lost as friction

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26
Q

what is pressure gradient?

A

the pressure b/w each end

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27
Q

as pressure gradient increases, what happens to flow?

A

flow increases

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28
Q

as resistance increases, what happens to flow?

A

decreases

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29
Q

what three factors impact resistance?

A

length
viscosity
radius

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30
Q

what happens to resistance as length increases?

A

resistance increases

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31
Q

what happens to resistance as viscosity (thickness) increases?

A

resistance increases

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32
Q

what happens to resistance during vasodilation?

A

resistance decreases (radius increases)

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33
Q

what is velocity in relation to the blood?

A

how fast blood is moving in a period of time
-distance traveled

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34
Q

what two factors impact velocity?

A

flow rate
cross-sectional area

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35
Q

what happens to velocity as flow rate increases?

A

velocity increases

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36
Q

what happens to velocity as cross-sectional area increases?

A

velocity decreases
-narrower the vessel = faster the velocity

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37
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

volume of blood pumped by one ventricle during a contraction
(mL/beat)

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38
Q

what is the equation to determine stroke volume?

A

SV = EDV - ESV
(EDV is usually bigger)

EX: 135 - 65 = 70

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39
Q

what happens to the force of contraction as stroke volume increases?

A

force of contraction increases
(FRANK STARLING LAW)

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40
Q

what is ejection fraction? what is the equation for it?

A

the % fo EDV ejected with one contraction
EF = (SV / EDV) *100
should be above 50%

EX: (70/135) * 100 = 51.9%

41
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

volume of blood pumped by one ventricle in a given period of time

42
Q

what two factors impact cardiac output?

A

stroke volume
heart rate

43
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output?

A

CO = SV * HR
should be around 5L/beat (5000mL/beat)

EX: 70*70 = 4900 mL/beat

44
Q

what three factors impact EDV?

A

skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump
sympathetic NS

45
Q

how does the skeletal muscle pump impact EDV?

A

muscles contract which compresses the veins
-causes the blood to go back to the heart and increase EDV

46
Q

how does the respiratory pump impact EDV?

A

pressure drops in thoracic cavity that creates a pressure gradient
-causes the blood to go back to the heart and increase EDV

47
Q

how does the sympathetic NS impact EDV?

A

NE binds to alpha receptors to cause vasoconstriction
-causes the blood to go back to the heart and increase EDV

48
Q

what two factors impact HR?

A

sympathetic NS
parasympathetic NS

49
Q

how does the parasympathetic NS impact HR?

A

ACh binds muscarinic receptors
-causes K+ to exit, blocks Ca2+
-hyperpolarization = slower HR

50
Q

how does the sympathetic NS impact HR?

A

NE binds beta1 receptors
-causes Na+ and Ca2+ to enter
-depolarization = faster HR

51
Q

what do ionotropic agents do?

A

impacts force of contraction or contractibility

52
Q

what do positive ionotropic agents do to force of contraction?

A

increase force of contraction

53
Q

what do negative ionotropic agents do to force of contraction?

A

decrease force of contraction

54
Q

how do Catecholamines (E & NE) cause increase in force of contraction?

A
  1. E & NE bind to beta1 receptors
  2. cAMP messenger system activated
    3a. phosphorylates Ca2+ channels to increases Ca2+ release from ECF
    3b. phosphorylates phospholambin to increase Ca2+ release from SR and increase Ca2+ removal to be used
  3. overall makes the duration of contraction quicker
55
Q

what are the steps of cardiac muscle contraction?

A
  1. AP travels through gap junctions of pacemaker cells
  2. AP causes depolarization along plasma MB of contractile cell
  3. AP goes to T-tubule
  4. voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open
  5. Ca2+ enters from ECF
  6. triggers RyR channels on SR to release more Ca2+
  7. Ca2+ bind troponin
  8. tropomyosin moves
  9. cross bridge froms
  10. contraction
56
Q

what are the three steps of cardiac muscle relaxation?

A
  1. Ca2+ unbind troponin
  2. Ca2+ ATPase pumps Ca2+ back into SR
  3. NCX antiporter exchanges the Ca2+ for Na+ (Na+ IN, Ca2+ OUT)
57
Q

what happens to force as sarcomere length increases?

A

force of contraction increases

58
Q

what is preload?

A

stretching the heart must overcome to fill the heart with blood
-prior to contraction

59
Q

what is afterload?

A

force needed to push blood out to the arteries
-needs EDV & arterial resistance

60
Q

what is the RMP like in contractile cells?

A

-90mV

61
Q

what happens in the depolarization phase in contractile cells?

A

RAPID
-Na+ channels open (large Na2+ entry)

62
Q

what happens at the peak in contractile cells?

A

Na+ channels close
K+ channels open (K+ exits)
Ca2+ channels open (Ca2+ enters)

63
Q

what happens at the plateau phase in contractile cells?

A

due to Ca2+, it creates an elongated absolute refractory period
-allows for no summation or twitch overlap

64
Q

what happens at the repolarization phase in contractile cells?

A

Ca2+ channels close
K+ channels are still open

65
Q

what is the RMP like in pacemaker cells?

A

unstable and never comes to rest
-around -60mV

66
Q

what happens during the depolarization phase in pacemaker cells?

A

SLOW
-I(F) channels open = net Na+ entry
-some Ca2+ channels open

67
Q

what happens during at threshold in pacemaker cells?

A

rapid Ca2+ entry (many channels open)

68
Q

what happens at peak in pacemaker cells?

A

Ca2+ channels close
K+ channels open (K+ exits)

69
Q

what happens during the repolarization phase in pacemaker cells?

A

K+ exits

70
Q

what are some differences b/w skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?

A

skeletal: somatic NS, cranial & spinal input, Ca2+ from ECF
cardiac: autonomic NS, no NS input, Ca2+ from ECF & SR

71
Q

action potentials in ____ cells sends it’s depolarizations thru gap junctions to ____ cells to coordinate contraction

A

pacemaker cells -> contractile cells

72
Q

what is the electrical conduction pathway of the heart?

A
  1. SA node
  2. AV node (creates the AV delay, allows for completion of atrial contraction)
  3. AV bundle
  4. bundle branches
  5. purkinje fibers (wrap around base of ventricles)
73
Q

the electrical conduction pathway contracts ventricles ___ to ___

A

bottom (apex) –> top (base)

74
Q

what does the P-wave represent on an ECG?

A

atrial depolarization
-getting ready to contract
-SA node fires and goes to contractile cells

75
Q

what does the PR segment represent?

A

atrial contraction
-goes through AV node and AV bundle
-AV delay!!

76
Q

what does the QRS complex represent?

A

ventricle depolarization
-getting ready to contract

77
Q

what does the T wave represent?

A

ventricular repolarization
-ventricles are getting ready to relax

78
Q

what does the ST segment represent?

A

ventricle contraction

79
Q

what does the TP segment represent?

A

electrically quiet
-neither are contracting

80
Q

what does the RR segment represent?

A

one complete heartbeat

81
Q

what does the QT interval represent?

A

ventricular depolarization and repolarization

82
Q

what does the PR interval represent?

A

atrial depolarization and the start of repolarization

83
Q

what is a normal HR?

A

60-100 bpm

84
Q

what is it called when HR is above 100?

A

tachycardia

85
Q

what is it called when HR is below 60?

A

bradycardia

86
Q

systole

A

contraction

87
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

88
Q

what are the five step of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. active filling
  2. isovolumic ventricular contraction
  3. ventricular ejection
  4. isovolumic ventricular relaxation
  5. passive filling (late ventricular diastole)
89
Q

what occurs during active filling? (diastole or systole, AV valves, semilunar valves, volume, pressure)

A

atria contract
ventricle relax
AV valves open
semilunar closed
ventricular volume increasing
pressure stays the same

EDV measurement!!

90
Q

what occurs during isovolumic ventricle contraction? (diastole or systole, AV valves, semilunar valves, volume, pressure)

A

atria relax
ventricle contract
all valves closed (LUB)
volume stays the same
pressure increases

91
Q

what occurs during ventricular ejection? (diastole or systole, AV valves, semilunar valves, volume, pressure)

A

atria relax
ventricle contract
AV valves closed
semilunar open
volume decreases
pressure is starting to decrease

ESV measurement

92
Q

what occurs during isovolumic ventricular relaxation? (diastole or systole, AV valves, semilunar valves, volume, pressure)

A

atria relax
ventricle relax
all valves closed (DUB)
volume stays the same
pressure decreases

93
Q

what occurs during passive filling / late ventricular diastole?

A

atria relax
ventricle relax
AV valves open
semilunar valves closed
volume increases
pressure is the same

94
Q

where on the ECG represents active filing?

A

right after the P-wave

95
Q

where on the ECG represents isovolumic ventricular contraction?

A

right after QRS complex

96
Q

where on the ECG represents ventricular ejection?

A

T-wave

97
Q

where on the ECG represents isovolumic ventricular relaxation?

A

right after the T-wave

98
Q

where on the ECG represents passive filling?

A

right before the P-wave

Integrated Physiology (23 decks)

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