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Integrated Physiology > Exam 2 (Chapter 8) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Chapter 8) Flashcards

1
Q

what is apart of the central nervous system?

A

brain, spinal cord

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2
Q

what is apart of the peripheral nervous system?

A

nervous tissue other than brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

which NS are the sensory / afferent neurons and the motor /efferent neurons apart off?

A

PNS

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4
Q

what do sensory / afferent neurons do?

A

take info TO the CNS

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5
Q

what do motor / efferent neurons do?

A

take info from the CNS to targets

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6
Q

which type of neurons does the autonomic and somatic NS come from? (afferent or efferent)

A

motor / efferent neurons

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7
Q

what does the autonomic NS do?

A

sends signals to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
-deals with the parasympathetic and sympathetic NS
-enteric NS

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8
Q

what does the somatic NS do?

A

sends signals to skeletal muscles

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9
Q

what do dendrites do?

A

receive incoming signals

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10
Q

what does the cell body do?

A

houses the nucleus and other organelles
-NT synthesis

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11
Q

what does the axon do?

A

carries signals away from cell body

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12
Q

what does the axon hillock do?

A

synthesize APs

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13
Q

what does the axon terminal do?

A

stores and releases NT in the somatic NS

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14
Q

what do varicosities do?

A

release NT in the autonomic NS
-NOT an axon terminal

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15
Q

what are collaterals?

A

axon branches

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16
Q

what is axonal transport?

A

how things are made that are stored in the vesicles of the axon terminal

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17
Q

which direction does slow axonal transport go?

A

anterograde direction only (unidirectional)
cell body -> axon terminal

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18
Q

what direction does fast axonal transport go?

A

anterograde and retrograde direction (bidirectional)

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19
Q

whats the differences between an electrical synapse and a chemical synapse?

A

electrical: FAST, uses gap junctions for a direct connection, displays synchronized activity

chemical: SLOW, release NT into synaptic cleft, converts AP to a neurocrine

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20
Q

what are multipolar neurons?

A

numerous dendrites, branched axon
-classified based on structure

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21
Q

what are pseudounipolar neurons?

A

only has an axon
-classified based on structure

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22
Q

what are bipolar neurons?

A

1 axon and 1 dendrite
-classified based on structure

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23
Q

what is an anaxonic neuron?

A

type of interneuron with no axon, but has dendrites
-classified based on structure

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24
Q

where are interneurons only found?

A

only found in the CNS!!

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25
Q

what are schwann cells?

A

myelinating cells of the PNS
-1:1 ratio to axons
-does synapse remodeling and repair

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26
Q

what are oligodendrocytes?

A

myelinating cell of the CNS
-1:many ratio to axons

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27
Q

what are satellite cells?

A

in the PNS
-support and protective layer around cell bodies

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28
Q

what are astrocytes?

A

in the CNS
-maintains CSF by NT uptake
-forms BBB
-releases neurotropic factors

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29
Q

what are microglia?

A

in the CNS
-phagocytic cell that removes damaged cells or foreign invaders

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30
Q

what are ependymal cells?

A

in the CNS
-epithelial cells found in the ventricles of brain
-source of neural stem cells

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31
Q

can a neuron be repaired if the cell body is unharmed?

A

yes!
-if the cell body is damaged, the cell dies

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32
Q

what does the Nernst equation do?

A

calculates an ionic equilibrium potential
-takes into account only one ion
-influenced by conc. gradient of ions & membrane permeability

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33
Q

what does the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz (GHK) equation do?

A

predicts membrane potential
-takes into account multiple ions
-there is not a single ion that contributes to the RMP

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34
Q

what is conductance?

A

the ease by which an ion moves through a channel
-greater the electrochemical gradient = easier it flows

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35
Q

what are the three gated channels? what do they open due to?

A

mechanically gated: open due to pressure or stretch

chemically gated: open due to a ligand

voltage gated: open due to cell membrane potential change

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36
Q

what does Ohm’s Law say?

A

increase of potential gradient = faster flow
increase of resistance = slower flow

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37
Q

what type of potential (graded or action) is based on the strength of the input signal?

A

graded

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38
Q

what type of potential (graded or action) travels long distance?

A

action

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39
Q

what type of potential (graded or action) moves by conduction along the axon and maintains it’s uniform strength and magnitude?

A

action

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40
Q

what type of potential (graded or action) is only excitatory (depolarizing)?

A

action

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41
Q

what type of potential (graded or action) only moves Na+ and K+, instead of all four?

A

action

42
Q

what type of potential (graded or action) uses all three types of gated channels?

A

graded

43
Q

what type of gated channel does an action potential use?

A

voltage-gated ion channels

44
Q

what is meant by subthreshold and suprathreshold?

A

refers to graded potentials reaching the trigger zone
-subthreshold: no AP
-suprathreshold: AP

45
Q

what type of potential (graded or action) can summate? (multiple signals before the potential is done will sum together)

A

graded

46
Q

what codes stimulus strength in action potentials since the strength of input signal doesn’t?

A

coded in frequency
-not magnitude

47
Q

explain the action potential positive feedback loop?

A

depolarization opens more Na+ channels, the Na+ entry causes more depolarization

48
Q

when is the Na+ activation gate open during an action potential?

A

open during depolarization
-closed during repolarization & RMP

49
Q

when is the Na+ inactivation gate open during an action potential?

A

open during depolarization & RMP
-closed during depolarization

50
Q

what is a factor of K+ channels that impacts the action potential?

A

they open and close very slowly
-causes the overshoot and hyperpolarization during an AP

51
Q

what creates the refractory period in an AP?

A

inactivation and activation gates
-stops the signals from summing

52
Q

what is a absolute refractory period? when does this occur?

A

threshold -> threshold (during depolarization and repolarization)
-no stimulus can trigger an AP until the current AP is finished
-Na+ channels need to reset

53
Q

what is a relative refractory period? when does this occur?

A

during hyperpolarization
-some but not all Na+ channels have reset
-needs a larger than normal stimulus to generate an AP

54
Q

what allows AP’s to have continuous conduction?

A

unmyelinated axons
-makes every region go through depolarizations & repolarizations

55
Q

what factors increase the speed of an AP?

A

-larger diameter of an axon
-myelinated axons
-saltatory conduction (jumping b/w unmyelinated nodes)

56
Q

what do neurotoxins do to APs?

A

block Na+ or K+ channels

57
Q

what is hyperkalemia?

A

high K+ in the ECF
-RMP increases closer to threshold
-more excitable = needs a smaller stimulus
-more neurons firing then normal

58
Q

what is hypokalemia?

A

low K+ in the ECF
-RMP decreases away from threshold
-less excitable = needs a larger stimulus
-less neurons firing than normal

59
Q

what are the two types of neurocrine receptors? describe them

A

Ionotropic: receptor/ion channel, FAST
Metabotropic: GPCR (2nd mes.), SLOWER

60
Q

what are the two receptor types of ACh?

A

Nicotinic
Muscarinic

61
Q

what is a nicotinic receptor?

A

ionotropic
-uses Na+ to be excitatory (depolarizes)
-somatic NS

62
Q

what is a muscarinic receptor?

A

metabotropic
-autonomic NS

63
Q

what three AA’s are amines derived from?

A

tyrosine, tryptophan, or histdine

64
Q

what are the four types of Amines?

A

serotonin, NE, E, and Dopamine

65
Q

what AA is serotonin derived from?

A

tryptophan

66
Q

what AA is NE & E derived from?

A

tyrosine

67
Q

what type of receptor does NE & E use?

A

metabotropic receptors (alpha & beta)
-used in the autonomic NS

68
Q

what AA is dopamine derived from?

A

tyrosine

69
Q

what type of receptor do amino acids use?

A

ionotropic

70
Q

what are the three NT are listed as amino acids?

A

glutamate, GABA, glycine

71
Q

what subtype of receptor does glutamate use?

A

AMPA and NMDA receptors (ionotropic)

72
Q

which amino acid NT is inhibitory?

A

GABA & Glycine
-uses Cl- channels (hyperpolarizes)

73
Q

which amino acid NT is excitatory?

A

glutamate
-use Na+ to depolarizes

74
Q

what type of receptor do purines use?

A

metabotropic

75
Q

what are the three types of NT purines?

A

adenosine, ATP, cAMP

76
Q

what type of receptor do Gases use? (NO, CO)

A

don’t use receptors!
-diffuse directly into the cell

77
Q

what type of receptors do lipids use? what is the type of NT listed as a lipid?

A

metabotropic receptors
-eicosanoids

78
Q

where are the two places NT synthesis occurs? what types of NT are made at each? (lg or sm)

A

in the cell body
-lg. NT (requires ribosomes, R. ER)

in the axon terminal
-sm. NT (ACh, amines, some purines)

79
Q

what molecule is NT release dependent on?

A

Ca2+

80
Q

explain the steps of exocytosis (NT release)

A
  1. AP depolarizes the axon terminal
  2. voltage gated Ca2+ channels open
  3. Ca2+ enters
  4. NT filled vesicles fuse to membrane and release NT into the synaptic cleft
  5. NT binds to postsynaptic receptors (vesicle becomes part of membrane)
81
Q

explain the steps of the Kiss & Run pathway (NT release)

A
  1. vesicle doesn’t entirely fuse and forms a small pore
  2. NT is released into synaptic cleft and binds to receptor
  3. vesicle pulls back into the presynaptic axon terminal
  4. vesicle is reused
82
Q

what are the three ways you can terminate NT activity?

A

-diffusion of NT out of synapse (due to unbound ligand)
-inactivation of NT by an enzyme (precursors are reused)
-uptake of NT by presynaptic cell or neighbor cells (glial cells, neurons)

83
Q

what is divergence?

A

axon synapses to multiple targets (little to big)

84
Q

what is convergence?

A

multiple axons synapses to one target (big to little)

85
Q

what is synaptic plasticity?

A

ability of NS to change activity at synapses (more/less activity, faster/slower)
-Short Term & Long Term Facilitation/Depression

86
Q

what is excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?

A

depolarization
-open Na+ or Ca2+ channels, close K+ channels

87
Q

what is inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?

A

hyperpolarization
-open K+ or Cl- channels

88
Q

what types of NT can create an EPSP?

A

ACh (nicotinic) (Na+)
Glutamate (Na+)

89
Q

what types of NT can create an IPSP?

A

GABA & Glycine (Cl-)

90
Q

what is spatial summation?

A

several presynaptic axon terminals providing subthreshold signals simultaneously (multiple inputs)
-occurs at different ares on the membrane

91
Q

what is temporal summation?

A

one input fires multiple gradient potentials in close succession

92
Q

what is postsynaptic inhibition?

A

summed potential is below threshold = no AP

93
Q

what is presynaptic inhibition?

A

decreases NT effect (less excited, less inhibited)

94
Q

what are two ways you can do presynaptic inhibition? describe the difference between them

A

Global: shuts down all axon terminals
Selective: shuts down only one branch of axon terminal

95
Q

what is long-term potentiation (LTP)?

A

enhancing what is happening at the synapse
-alters quality (speed) or quantity (NT release)

96
Q

describe the steps of LTP

A
  1. glutamte binds AMPA & NMDA receptors
  2. Na+ enters through AMPA ion channels immediately
  3. depolarization of cell ejects Mg+ ion from NMDA channel and opens it
  4. Ca+ enters through NMDA channel
  5. Ca2+ activates 2nd mes. pathways in the cell
  6. postsynaptic cell releases a paracrine
  7. paracrine demonstrates retrograde feedback on presynaptic cell to increase glutamate release
97
Q

during LTP, is the postsynaptic cell more or less sensitive to glutamate?

A

more sensitive

98
Q

what is long-term depression (LTD)?

A

decrease in the number of receptors
-changes isoform of receptors, making it less likely to respond

99
Q

what causes Parkinsons?

A

DA neurons are destoryed

100
Q

what causes Myasthenia gravis?

A

antibodies are produced to destroy ACh receptors of skeletal muscles

Integrated Physiology (23 decks)

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