1.3

Question 1

neurons

Answer 1

a nerve cell

Question 2

Glial cells

Answer 2

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect nuerons

Question 3

Reflex Arc

Answer 3

a simple spinal feflex pathway

Question 4

sensory nuerons

Answer 4

carry messages from the body to the brain/spinal cord about sensations we perceive (sensory)

Question 5

Motor Neurons

Answer 5

carry messages from the brain/spinal cord to the body telling our body (skeletal muscles) to move (motor)

Question 6

Internuerons

Answer 6

connect sensory and motor neurons (in the spinal cord of CNS)r

Question 7

refractory period

Answer 7

pause between firings (action potential cannot occur)

Question 8

resting potential

Answer 8

positive-outside/negative-inside state of a neuron

Question 9

all-or-nothing principle

Answer 9

neuron will fire full strength or not at all

Question 10

depolarization

Answer 10

loss of the positive-outside/negative-inside resting potential state

Question 11

myasthenia gravis

Answer 11

disease where ACh is blocked and muscles cannot contract (causes weakness or paralysis)

Question 12

Reuptake

Answer 12

when the neurotransmitter is reabsorbed by the sending neuron

Question 13

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

Answer 13

make action potential less likely

Question 14

excitatory neurotransmitter

Answer 14

make action potential more likely

Question 15

serotonin

Answer 15

• Involved in mood regulation
• Involved in sleep and arousal regulation
• Involved in regulation of appetite and digestion

Question 16

Serotonin (undersupply)

Answer 16

• Linked with depression, but the mechanism is not fully understood
• Linked with anxiety, worry, nervousness,
• Linked with sleep difficulties

Question 17

Glutamate

Answer 17

• Major excitatory neurotransmitter
• Makes it more likely for a neuron to fire
• Increases brain activity
• Involved in learning and memor

Question 18

Endorphins

Answer 18

• Regulates the perception of pain (acts as the brain’s natural opiates)
• Enhances mood (feelings of euphoria and pleasure)

Question 19

Acetycholine

Answer 19

• Enables movement (transmitted from motor neurons to muscles)- all movement involved ACh
• Involved in learning and memory (many ACh receptors are in the hippocampus)

Question 20

dopamine

Answer 20

influences movement, learning, attention and emotion

Question 21

Norepinephrine

Answer 21

• Involved in promoting wakefulness, alertness, and arousal
• Released in response to stress and helps initiate the fight or flight response

Question 22

GABA

Answer 22

• Major inhibitory neurotransmitter
• Makes it less likely for a neuron to fire
• Reduces brain activity

Question 23

Substance P

Answer 23

• Involved in the perception of pain (helps transmits pain signals from the body’s skin, muscle, and tissues to the central nervous system)
• Plays a role in promoting inflammation in response to injury

Question 24

Hormones

Answer 24

internal, long-lasting

Question 25

Leptin

Answer 25

hunger (suppression)

Question 26

Melatonin

Answer 26

sleep

Question 27

Adrenaline

Answer 27

fight or flight

Question 28

Ghrelin

Answer 28

hunger (stimulation)

Question 29

Oxytocin

Answer 29

labor, lactation, love

Question 30

Psychoactive drugs

Answer 30

drugs that affect the mind

Question 31

Agonist molecule

Answer 31

binds to receptor & encourages neural firing

Question 32

Reuptake inhibitors

Answer 32

block reabsorption of neurotransmitters back into sending neurons axon terminals

Question 33

Depressents

Answer 33

decrease neural activity

Question 34

Antagonist molecule

Answer 34

binds to receptor & blocks neurotransmitters, discourages neural firing

Question 35

stimulants

Answer 35

increase neural activity

Question 36

Stimulants examples

Answer 36

caffeine and cocaine

Question 37

Depressant example

Answer 37

alcohol

Question 38

Hallucinogens

Answer 38

cause distortions in perception and/or cognition

Question 39

Hallucinogens examples

Answer 39

Marijuana/THC

Question 40

Opioids

Answer 40

act as pain relievers

Question 41

Opioids example

Answer 41

heroin

Question 42

tolerance

Answer 42

brain attempts to restore balance, neurons and synapses change to accommodate increased activity or use of drug

Question 43

Withdrawal

Answer 43

verse symptoms associated with sudden drop in drug use

Question 44

Addiction

Answer 44

brain pathways of reward and reinforcement triggered by dopamine, synapses in prefrontal cortex are changed and decisions are focused on addictive drug behavior