Unit 0

Question 1

Biological

Answer 1

Focuses on how the biological processes of our body could impact our mind. (Mind-body connection) - combination of genes and environment

Question 2

Evolutionary

Answer 2

How the natural selection of genes and traits affects the expression of behavior and mental processes to increase survival and reproduction

Question 3

Cognitive

Answer 3

Studies thoughts and information processing - how do we encode, process, store, and retrieve information (learning)

Question 4

Humanistic

Answer 4

How do we meet the human need for love, acceptance, self-fulfillment - reaching our full potential

Question 5

Psychodynamic

Answer 5

Modern approach that uses many of Freud’s psychoanalytic theories to explain how the mind works, what unconscious drives, thoughts, conflicts affect our behavior

Question 6

Behavioral

Answer 6

Studies behaviors/tendencies that can be observed, measured, counted. Emphasizes the power of learning.

Question 7

Sociocultural

Answer 7

Focuses on how society and culture impact our thoughts, behaviors, decisions, etc. - how do behaviors change across culture

Question 8

Hindsight Bias

Answer 8

our tendeny to view events as more predictable than they really are

Question 9

Confirmation Bias

Answer 9

seeking evidence to support the answer you want

Question 10

Overconfidence

Answer 10

an overestimation of one’s actual ability to perform a task sucessfully

Question 11

Describe how theories advance psychological science

Answer 11

theories provide the foundation for the psychological research

Question 12

peer reviewers

Answer 12

scientific experts who evaluate a research article’s theory, origin, and accuracy

Question 13

Hypothesis

Answer 13

test theories and make predictions

Question 14

falsifiability

Answer 14

the possibility that a hypothesis can be proven false or wrong by experiment or observation

Question 15

operational definitions

Answer 15

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

Question 16

replication

Answer 16

ability to repeat a study with different participants or situations, to see if findings can be reproduced

Question 17

case study

Answer 17

Studies one individual in depth

Question 18

meta analysis

Answer 18

technique to increase effect size by synthesizing results of many studies into a single result

Question 19

naturalistic observation

Answer 19

Records behavior in the natural environment

Question 20

survey

Answer 20

Attempt to gather information on what people think & have done

Question 21

social desiriability bias

Answer 21

bias from people responding in ways they presume a researcher expects or wishes

Question 22

self-report bias

Answer 22

bias when people report their behavior innacurately

Question 23

experimenter bias

Answer 23

bias where experimenter influences the experiment unintentionally

Question 24

population

Answer 24

representative sample

Question 25

sample

Answer 25

a group of people being studied/ gathering data from a small group of a larger set

Question 26

sampling bias

Answer 26

generalize from a few cases

Question 27

random sampling

Answer 27

every member of population has equal chance of being selected

Question 28

convenience sampling

Answer 28

collecting from a group readily available

Question 29

representative sampling

Answer 29

sample (small group) that accurately matches the characteristics of population has equal chance of being selected as part of the sample

Question 30

positive correlation

Answer 30

rise and fall together

Question 31

negative correlation

Answer 31

1 rises other falls and vice versa

Question 32

what does it mean when two things are correlated?

Answer 32

two things have a relationship with each other

Question 33

illusory correlation

Answer 33

when we believe there is a relationship between two things, we are likely to notice and recall instances that confirm our belief

Question 34

correlation

Answer 34

Measures the extent to which two factors (variables) vary together/predict one another

Question 35

correlation coefficient

Answer 35

Statistical measurement

Question 36

directionality problem

Answer 36

can’t tell which is causing the other, only that there’s a relationship

Question 37

third variable problem

Answer 37

there’s something else driving the relationship

Question 38

experimental group

Answer 38

the group exposed to the treatment

Question 39

control group

Answer 39

the group NOT exposed to the treatment

Question 40

independent variable

Answer 40

the factor that is being manipulated

Question 41

dependent variable

Answer 41

the outcome that is measured

Question 42

random assingment

Answer 42

assigning people to experimental and control groups by chance

Question 43

single-blind procedure

Answer 43

a procedure in which the research participants are blind about whether they have received treatment or placebo

Question 44

double-blind procedure

Answer 44

a procedure in which the research participants and staff are both blinded

Question 45

placebo

Answer 45

a pill with no drug in it

Question 46

regression towards the mean

Answer 46

the illusion that uncontrollable events correlate with our actions is also fed by statistical phenomenon

Question 47

placebo effect

Answer 47

results caused by expectations alone

Question 48

confounding variable

Answer 48

other factors that can potentially influence a study's results

Question 49

Quantitative Research

Answer 49

a research method that relies on quantifiable, numerical data

Question 50

Qualitative Research

Answer 50

e research method that relies on in-depth, narrative data that are not translated into numbers

Question 51

Likert Scales

Answer 51

strongly disagree to strongly agree

Question 52

Institutional Review

Answer 52

ethics committees, universities

Question 52

Informed Assent

Answer 52

participants told enough to choose whether to participate (for minors)

Question 52

informed consent

Answer 52

participants told enough to choose whether to participate

Question 53

Protect From Harm

Answer 53

both physical and psychological

Question 54

Confidentiality

Answer 54

keep participant information private, not requiring identifying information to participate

Question 55

Research Confederates

Answer 55

individuals who seem to be participants but in reality are part of the research team

Question 56

Debriefing

Answer 56

post-experimental explanation of study

Question 57

Measure of Central Tendency

Answer 57

a single score that represents a whole set of scores

Question 58

Mode

Answer 58

the most frequent occurring scores in a distribution

Question 59

Mean

Answer 59

the average of a distribution

Question 60

Median

Answer 60

the middle score in a distribution

Question 61

Percentile Rank

Answer 61

the percentage of scores in a distribution that are less than or equal to a given score

Question 62

Skewed

Answer 62

when a few outlining scores distort the mean

Question 63

Bimodal Distribution

Answer 63

has two peaks

Question 64

Measures of Variation

Answer 64

ways to describe the distribution of dispersion of data

Question 65

Range

Answer 65

the gap between the lowest and the highest

Question 66

Standard Deviation

Answer 66

a more useful standard fr measuring how much scores differ from one another

Question 67

Normal Curve

Answer 67

bell-shaped distribution

Question 67

Meta Analysis

Answer 67

analyzes results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion

Question 68

statistical significance

Answer 68

how likely a results occured by chance assuming there is no difference

Question 69

Effect Size

Answer 69

the larger the effect-size the stronger the cause/effect relationship