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AP Psychology > Final Exam Ap Psych Unit 2 > Flashcards

Final Exam Ap Psych Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between perception and sensation?

A

Perception is how we interpret environmental stimuli whereas sensation is how we process environmental stimuli

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2
Q

What is bottom-up processing?

A

processing beginning with sensory receptors (sensory systems detect lines, angles, colors, smells, tastes) work up to brain

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3
Q

What is top-down processing?

A

processing beginning with higher-level mental processes

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4
Q

What is selective attention?

A

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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5
Q

What is the cocktail party effect?

A

the ability to pay attention to one voice at a time

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6
Q

What is inattentional blindness?

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is elsewhere

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7
Q

What is change blindness?

A

failure to notice changes in environment

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8
Q

What is choice blindness?

A

failing to notice a change in one’s conscious choices

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9
Q

What is perceptual set?

A

mental predispositions that influence what we perceive

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10
Q

What does the perceptual set affect?

A

top-down processing

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11
Q

What is a schema?

A

conceptual frameworks for understanding our experiences

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12
Q

What are context effects?

A

environmental or immediate contextual factors that impact perception

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13
Q

What is the Gestalt principle?

A

perceptual tendencies for visual organization

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14
Q

What is in the Gestalt principle?

A

closure, similarity, figure-ground, and proximity

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15
Q

What is figure-ground?

A

figures that stand out from their surroundings

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16
Q

What is the difference between binocular and monocular cues?

A

Binocular cues: depth perception that uses information transmitted to both eyes
Monocular cues: depth perception that uses information from a flat or two-dimensional surface to give the illusion of depth

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17
Q

What are the types of monocular cues?

A

relative size, linear perspective, interposition, texture gradient, relative clarity

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18
Q

What is apparent movement?

A

ability to perceive motion when objects aren’t actually moving

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19
Q

What is metacognition?

A

thinking about thinking

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20
Q

What are prototypes?

A

the best example you can think of for a category

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21
Q

What is an example of a prototype?

A

when someone says dog and you think of a golden retriever

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22
Q

What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation?

A

Assimilation is when you are taking in new information and fitting it in a specific scheme.
Accommodation is when you are taking in new information and changing a current schema

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23
Q

What is the difference between convergent and divergent thinking?

A

Divergent thinking is when you are expanding the number of possible solutions.
Convergent thinking is when you narrow the available solutions and pick the best one

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24
Q

What is functional fixedness?

A

inability to find creative solutions are see objects for uses other than what your past experiences tells you

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25
What is the difference between algorithm and heuristic?
an algorithm is having a step-by-step procedure on how to solve a problem. a heuristic is taking short cuts to solve a problem
26
What is the sunk-cost fallacy?
sticking to the original plan because you've already put time into it
27
What is the gambler's fallacy?
belief that probability of an event will change after a series of outcomes
28
How do you measure memory?
recall, recognition, relearning
29
What is long-term potentiation?
frequent activation increases strength of neural connections
30
What is the memory structure?
Encode - get information into our brain Store - retain the information in our brain Retrieve - later get information back out from our brain
31
What does the multi-store model do?
process information
32
What is in the multi-store model?
Gets stimuli, sensory memory, working/short-term memory, long-term memory
33
What are the components of working memory model?
Central executive, phonological loop, and visuospatial sketchpad
34
What are episodic, semantic, and prospective memories?
- Episodic: events & experience and facts - Semantic: information, facts, knowledge - Prospective memories - remembering to complete a task at a future time, when intention was set earlier
35
What are prospective memories?
remembering to complete a task at a future time, when intention was set earlier
36
What is the process for effortful processing?
Stimuli, sensory memory, working/short term memory, long-term memory
37
What are the levels of processing?
structural, phonemic, semantic
38
What is structural?
superficial
39
What is phonemic?
how it sounds
40
What is semantic?
focuses on the meaning with deeper elaboration
41
Strategies for memory?
mnemonics and methods of loci
42
What is the difference between recall and recognition?
recall: produce learned information with no cues recognition: identify learned information with retrieval cues
43
What are the different congruent memories and what do they do?
context-dependent memory: same environment state-dependent memory: same physical state mood-congruent memory: same mood
44
What is the difference between primacy and recency effect?
primacy effect: information presented at the beginning will be memorable recency effect: information presented at the end will be memorable
45
What is encoding failure?
due to failure to attend or effortful process
46
What is storage decay?
evident when learned information can no longer be ecalled years later
47
what is the forgetting curve?
the course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time
48
What does the forgetting curve prove?
time is a significant factor in forgetting
49
What is retrieval failure?
evident by sometimes momentary lapses in well-learned information
50
What is the difference between proactive and retroactive?
Proactive: prior learning disrupts new information Retroactive: new learning disrupts old information
51
What is repression?
the psychodynamic theory that our unconscious forces forgetting to protect ourselves from distress
52
What is constructive memory?
brain "creates" memories as it pulls partial information out of storage
53
What is imagination inflation?
when imagining an event, a person is then more likely to believe the event occurred
54
What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?
Anterograde amnesia: inability to form new memories Retrograde amnesia: inability to remember past, old memories stored in long-term memory
55
How can you improve memory?
rehearsal, spacing effect, retrieval cues, semantic encoding
56
What is the difference between achievement and aptitude test?
Achievement test: test what you learned Aptitude test: test what you will learn
57
What is the formula for IQ?
mental age/chronological age x 100
58
What is the Flynn Effect?
over time, average intelligence has increased across the board
59
What is the difference between construct and predictive validity?
Construct validity: how well it measures a concept or trait Predictive validity: how well it predicts behavior it means to predict
60
What is the difference between fixed and growth mindset?
Fixed mindset - belief that intelligence is unchanging, even with effort Growth mindset - belief that learning and growing can impact intelligence which is subject to change and improvement
61
What is the difference between stereotype threat and lift?
Stereotype threat: someone is aware of a stereotype and is in a situation where that stereotype could be confirmed; belief impacts performance Stereotype lift: when someone is exposed to a stereotype about others performing worse, that belief can improve your working memory, attention, and performance

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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