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BIOSTAT > INTRO TO EPIDIMIOLOGY (PART 2) > Flashcards

INTRO TO EPIDIMIOLOGY (PART 2) Flashcards

1
Q

ECOLOGICAL ISSUES
FOCUS:

A

PUBLIC HEALTH

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2
Q

Degree of immunity necessary to eliminate a
disease from a population varies depending
on the type of infectious organism, the time
of year, and the density and social patterns of
the population

A

VACCINATION & PATTERNS
OF IMMUNITY

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3
Q

The cases double up in number per
susceptible host.

A

ABSENCE OF HERD IMMUNITY

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4
Q

The cases remain approximately
constant (50%).
○ If the percentage is greater than
50%, then the infection should
die out eventually.

A

PRESENCE OF 50% HERD IMMUNITY

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5
Q

DIPHTHERIA
○ Caused by bacteria:

A

Corynebacterium diphtheria

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6
Q

major epidemic
appeared in Russia despite
vaccination among individuals

A

DIPHTHERIA

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7
Q

Vaccine-produced
immunity decreases over time

A

PROBLEM OF DIPHTHERIA

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8
Q

additional
single vaccination for adults to
provide natural booster effect

A

RECOMMENDATION FOR DIPHTHERIA

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9
Q

Caused by virus: Variola

A

SMALLPOX

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10
Q

caused a more
severe skin eruption, but one
much less severe than
full-blown smallpox.

A

Variolation

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11
Q

Grinding of
scabs from patients with
a mild form and then
those who are
non-immune individuals
will blow their noses into
the scabs

A

PROCESS OF VARIOLATION

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12
Q
  • generally caused
    a single pustule at the site of
    inoculation.
A

Vaccination

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13
Q

Vaccination Comes from _______ or cow
because epidemiologists
noted that milkmaids
develop less severe forms
of smallpox.

A

“vaca”

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14
Q

the dominant form of smallpox in
the 1970s. This was a relatively
mild form of smallpox that had a
low mortality rate.

A

Variola minor (alastrim)

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15
Q

This is a more
disfiguring and often fatal form
of the disease

A

Variola major (classical
smallpox

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16
Q

Smallpox vaccine is_________ for
both forms of smallpox

A

effective

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17
Q

Caused by the: Poliovirus

A

POLIOMYELITIS

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18
Q

POLIOMYELITIS Transmitted from
person-to-person through
________ route or by vehicle
(food)

A

fecal-oral

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19
Q

2 TYPES OF POLIOMYELITIS VACCINE

A

■ Inactivated or killed polio
vaccine (IPV) / Salk
■ Live, attenuated oral polio
vaccine (OPV) / Sabin

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20
Q

This became available in 1955.
Although it stimulated the production of blood
antibodies against the three types of
poliovirus, it did not produce cell-mediated
immunity in the intestine where the
polioviruses multiplied. So, it led to periodic
small epidemics of poliomyelitis in the late
1950s and early 1960s.

A

IPV

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21
Q

This was approved in the early
1960s. This produced cell-mediated
immunity, preventing the polio virus from
replicating in the intestine. It also provided
herd immunity. After the widespread use of
OPV, the prevalence of all three types of
poliovirus declined rapidly.

A

OPV

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22
Q

Caused by the spirochete
bacteria: Treponema pallidum
subspecies pallidum

A

SYPHILIS

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23
Q

usually
subsides spontaneously

A

PRIMARY STAGE OF SYPHILIS

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24
Q

a rash
or other lesions may
appear; also subside
spontaneously then a
a latent period follows after

A

SECONDARY STAGE OF SYPHILIS

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25
Q

Untreated infections may
provide some herd immunity
but does not protect individual
from progressive damage to
own body

A

TERTIARY STAGE OF SYPHILIS

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26
Q

Syphilis produces a highly infectious
a skin lesion is known as _______ – which is filled
with spirochete organisms.

A

chancre

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27
Q

primary killer of
children IN THE 19TH CENTURY

A

Diarrhea

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28
Q

eading cause of
adult mortality
in the 19th century

A

Tuberculosis

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29
Q

Sanitary Revolution:
○ Began in __________

A

England

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30
Q

Reduced infant mortality,
increased effective birth rate

A

Sanitary Revolution

31
Q

a cause of today’s
worldwide population problem

A

Sanitary Revolution

32
Q

Difference between birth rate
and death rate that develops
when a country undergoes
demographic transition

A

Demographic Gap

33
Q

African
Sleeping Sickness Medical Term

A

Trypanosomiasis

34
Q

Trypanosomiasis caused by parasites
of the species
___________ and is
transmitted by the
vector tsetse fly

A

Trypanosoma
brussay

35
Q

has become a favorite habitat for breeding of snail hosts of both urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis

A

Nile River

36
Q

Interaction or combination of
factors that produce a greater
effect than the sum of their
separate effects

A

SYNERGISM

37
Q

A malnourished child has more difficulty
making antibodies and repairing tissue
damage which makes the child less resistant
to infectious diseases

A

SYNERGISM

38
Q

A process by which 2 or more
strains of a virus combine to
form a new subtype of a virus

A

ANTIGENIC SHIFT

39
Q

Accumulation of mutations
within virus genes over time

A

ANTIGENIC DRIFT

40
Q

Widespread outbreak involving
multiple continents

A

GLOBAL PANDEMIC

41
Q

a disease occurred in 1975 where it was spread by ticks

A

lyme disease

42
Q

a disease ocurred in 1976 where that small infectious agent spreads via air-conditioning systems

A

Legionnaires’ disease

43
Q

method of prevention for legionnaire’s disease

A

treat water in air-conditioning systems

44
Q

disease that occurred in 1980 where staphylococcal toxin was associated with the use of tampons (especially Rely brand)

A

Toxic shock syndrom

45
Q

a disease that occurred in 1981, where the viral agent spread via sexual activity, especially male homosexual activity, and via sharing of needles and exchange of blood and blood products during intravenous drug use and transfusions

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrom

46
Q

in 1989 toxic contaminant associated with use of dietary supplements of L-tryptophan

A

Eosinophiliamyalgia syndrom

47
Q

in 1993, hantavirus spread via contact with contaminated droppings of deer mice

A

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

48
Q

in 1996, prions spread via ingestion of beef infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy

A

New -variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

49
Q

animal coronavirus transferred to humans by handling and eating unusual food animals in 2003

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

50
Q

Variation in the severity of
a disease process

A

The biologic spectrum of disease (Iceberg phenomenon)

51
Q

Paramount to the field of
epidemiology

A

The biologic spectrum of disease
(Iceberg phenomenon)

52
Q

Randomized trials of
preventive measures

A

Field Trials

53
Q

Important phase of
evaluating a new vaccine

A

Field Trials

54
Q

Studying the Biological Spectrum of
Disease

A

Biologic spectrum of disease

55
Q

Surveillance of Community Health
Interventions

A

Field Trials

56
Q

CONTRIBUTIONS OF EPIDEMIOLOGISTS

A
  1. Ongoing / Continued
    Surveillance Programs
  2. Syndromic Surveillance
57
Q

Ensure a vaccine’s
continued safety and
effectiveness

A

○ Ongoing / Continued
Surveillance Programs

58
Q

Epidemiologists
contributing to national
security

A

Epidemiologists
contributing to national
security

59
Q

polio, measles,
smallpox

A

Ongoing / Continued
Surveillance Programs

60
Q

Current recommendation
for measles vaccines:
initially at __ months of
ages, booster dose at 4-6
years old

A

15

61
Q

Disease control priorities should be based not only on the currently existing size of the problem, but also on the potential of a disease to spread to others; its likelihood of causing death and disability; its cost to individuals, families, and the community

A

Setting Disease Control Priorities

62
Q

Process of identifying the
nature and cause of a
disease

A

Diagnosis

63
Q

Determined by methods
of clinical epidemiology

A

Effective treatment

64
Q

Improved understanding
through epidemiology

A

Prognosis

65
Q

Epidemiology forecasts
the probability and
impact of risks

A

Risk estimation

66
Q

principles and methods of epidemiology are used in planning and evaluating medical health care

A

Improving Health Services Research

67
Q

○ Epidemiologists can be called to
testify in court
○ Lawsuits may rely on
epidemiologic data
○ Expert medical testimony often
requires a high level of
epidemiological expertise

A

Providing Expert Testimony in Courts
of Law

68
Q

■ Product hazards
■ Probable risks and side
effects of various
environmental exposures
and medications

A

Epidemiologists can be called to
testify in court

69
Q

■ General environmental
exposures
■ Occupational illness
claims
■ Medical liability
■ Product liability

A

Lawsuits may rely on
epidemiologic data

70
Q

CONTRIBUTIONS OF EPIDEMIOLOGISTS

A

● Investigating Epidemics and New
Diseases
● Studying the Biological Spectrum of
Disease
● Surveillance of Community Health
Interventions
● Setting Disease Control Priorities
● Improving Diagnosis, Treatment, and
Prognosis of Clinical Disease
● Improving Diagnosis, Treatment, and
Prognosis of Clinical Disease
● Improving Health Services Research
● Providing Expert Testimony in Courts
of Law

71
Q

SYNERGISM OF FACTORS
PREDISPOSING TO DISEASE

A

● SYNERGISM
● ANTIGENIC SHIFT
● ANTIGENIC DRIFT
● GLOBAL PANDEMIC

72
Q

DIFFERENT TYPES OF VACCINATIONS

A
  1. DIPHTHERIA
  2. SMALLPOX
  3. POLIOMYELITIS
  4. SYPHILIS
73
Q

(1) VACCINATION & PATTERNS OF
IMMUNITY

A

A. ABSENCE OF HERD IMMUNITY
B. PRESENCE OF 50% HERD IMMUNITY

BIOSTAT (25 decks)

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