EPIDEMIOLOGIC SURVEILLANCE AND EPIDEMIC OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION (PART 1)

Question 1

○ From a source common to all

Answer 1

Common-vehicle exposure

Question 2

○ Exposed only once

Answer 2

Single Exposure

Question 3

○ Exposed several times

Answer 3

Multiple Exposures

Question 4

○ Intermittent contamination

Answer 4

Periodic Contamination

Question 5

○ Persistent contamination

Answer 5

Continuous Contamination

Question 6

○ Characterized by signs and symptoms

Answer 6

Clinical Disease

Question 7

Non-clinical Disease

Answer 7

Preclinical
Subclinical
Persistent (Chronic)
Latent

Question 8

• symptoms not yet apparent but the disease is biologically present and destined to progress to clinical

Answer 8

Preclinical

Question 9

• symptoms not yet apparent but seropositive

Answer 9

Subclinical

Question 10

• manifestation of symptoms for years

Answer 10

Persistent (Chronic)

Question 11

• no active multiplication of the agent

Answer 11

Latent

Question 12

○ Harbors organism, can be asymptomatic and seronegative

Answer 12

Carrier

Question 13

Factors that affect incubation period

Answer 13

○ Time of replication
○ Site of replication
○ Dose of infectious agent

Question 14

○ Detention period of animal or human

Answer 14

Quarantine (quarante giomi)

Question 15

○ A person who acquires the disease from exposure
○ E.g. from contaminated food

Answer 15

Primary Case

Question 16

○ A person who acquires the disease through exposure to primary case

Answer 16

Secondary Case

Question 17

○ Factors such as sex, age, race, and other host characteristics

Answer 17

WHO

Question 18

○ Certain diseases occur with a certain periodicity

Answer 18

WHEN

Question 19

○ Diseases are NOT randomly distributed in time or place

Answer 19

WHERE

Question 20

● A very helpful method for determining which of the possible agents is likely to be the cause of the certain outbreak.

Answer 20

CROSS TABULATION

Question 21

● Establishment of Baseline data
● Evaluation of Time trend’s
● Identification and documentation of Outbreaks
● Evaluation of Public Health and Disease Interventions
● Setting of Disease Control Priorities
● Study of Changing Patterns of Disease

Answer 21

SURVEILLANCE OF DISEASE

Question 22

○ The occurrence of disease or unexpected, elevated frequency

Answer 22

Epidemics (disease outbreaks)

Question 23

○ Entire process of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting data on the incidence of death, diseases, and injuries and the prevalence of certain conditions, for promoting and safeguarding public health.

Answer 23

Surveillance

Question 24

○ United States Federal Agency responsible for surveillance.

Answer 24

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Question 25

Development of surveillance system requires:

Answer 25

Clear objectives
Standardized reporting procedures
Identify the etiology or cause of a disease and the relevant risk factors Determine the extent of disease found in the community
Study the natural history and prognosis of disease
Evaluate both existing and newly developed preventive, therapeutic measures, and modes of health care delivery
Provide the foundation for developing public policy
Case definition based on clinical findings
Determination of intensity of surveillance (Active vs passive)
Determination of duration of surveillance (ongoing vs time-limited)
Types of analysis (e.g. incidence, prevalence, case fatality ratio, etc.) Plans for information dissemination (internet, publication, broadcast)
Pilot test performed and evaluated first before full system attempt
Continuous evaluation when full system is operational

Question 26

METHODS AND FUNCTIONS OF DISEASE SURVEILLANCE

Answer 26

Process of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting data concerning incidence of death, diseases, and injuries and the prevalence of certain conditions

Question 27

Physicians, clinics, labs, and hospitals are instructed to record all cases of reportable disease that they encounter.

Answer 27

Passive (Ongoing)

Question 28

Surveillance body (e.g., CDC) makes periodic phone calls, e-mails, and visits to reporting individuals/ institutions to obtain data

Answer 28

Active (As needed)

Question 29

○ Detect deviations from the usual pattern of data
○ Prompts epidemiologist to explore

Answer 29

Continued surveillance