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BIOSTAT > UNDERSTANDING THE QUALITY OF DATA IN CLINICAL MEDICINE > Flashcards

UNDERSTANDING THE QUALITY OF DATA IN CLINICAL MEDICINE Flashcards

1
Q

requires constant collection, evaluation, analysis, and use of quantitative and qualitative data

A

Clinical medicine

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2
Q

is used for diagnosis, prognosis, and choosing and evaluating treatments

A

Data

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3
Q

o Mistakes in the diagnosis and treatment of patients

o Mistakes due to clear negligence

A

Error

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4
Q

First and primary goal of data collection and analysis

A

Promote accuracy and precision

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5
Q

Close to true value

A

Accuracy

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6
Q

Ability of a measurement to be correct on the average

A

Accuracy

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7
Q

Precision is also known as

A

Reproducibility, reliability, or agreement

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8
Q

Ability of a test to give the same result or a similar result with repeated measurement of the same factor

A

Precision

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9
Q

MEASURES OF RELIABILITY

A

Overall percent agreement

Kappa test ratio

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10
Q

Kappa test ratio is also known as

A

Cohen’s Kappa

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11
Q

• Common way to measure agreement

A

OVERALL PERCENT AGREEMENT (OPA)

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12
Q

Percent agreement formula

A

a+d/
a+b+c+d x 100

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13
Q

OPA when there are just 2 people observing

A

PERCENT AGREEMENT (PAIRED OBSERVATIONS)

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14
Q

OPA when there’s a lot of variables invloved

A

OVERALL PERCENT AGREEMENT (MULTIPLE VARIABLES)

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15
Q

Measures the extent to which agreement exceeds that expected by chance

A

KAPPA TEST RATIO

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16
Q

• How much better is the agreement between two observers’ readings than would be expected by chance alone?

A

KAPPA TEST RATIO

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17
Q

• What is the most that the two observers could have improved their agreement over the agreement that would be expected by chance alone?

A

KAPPA TEST RATIO

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18
Q

: happens when the information errors differ between groups

A

Differential error

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19
Q

: happens when the information is incorrect, but is the same across groups

A

Nondifferential error

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20
Q

refers to any systematic error that may occur during the collection of baseline or follow-up data

A

Measurement bias

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21
Q

Variability and unpredictability
results in lack of precision
When data have only _______, some observations are too high and some are too low

A

Random error

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22
Q

Intraobserver variability or

A

Within the observers

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23
Q

Amount of variation between the results obtained by one observer examining the same results more than once

Example: same clinician takes successive blood pressure on the same patient

A

Intraobserver variability

24
Q

Amount of variation between the results obtained by 2 or more observers examining the same material

A

Interobserver variability

25
Q

Ability of a test to distinguish between WHO HAS a disease and WHO DOES NOT

A

Validity

26
Q

is performed as a preventative measure – to detect a potential health problem or disease in someone that doesn’t yet have signs or symptoms

A

screening tests

27
Q

able to correctly identify who has the disease

A

Sensitivity

28
Q

– correctly identifies who does not have the disease

A

Specificity

29
Q

Have the disease and test positive

A

True Positive (TP)

30
Q

Do not have the disease but test positive

A

False Positive (FP)

31
Q

Have the disease but test negative

A

False Negative (FN)

32
Q

Do not have the disease and test negative

A

True Negative (TN)

33
Q

Sensitivity formula

A

TP/
TP + FN

34
Q

Specificity formula

A

TN/
TN + FP

35
Q

How about tests with continuous variables?

Such as blood pressure or blood glucose levels

There is no “positive” or “negative” result

A

Cutoff points

36
Q

The _______ determines how many subjects will be considered as having the disease

A

cut-point

37
Q

The cut-point that identifies more true negatives will also identify more ____________

A

False negatives

38
Q

The cut-point that identifies more true positives will also identify more ____________

A

False negatives

39
Q

• When two or more tests are conducted in parallel simultaneously )

• Disease positives are identified as those who test positive by either one test or by both tests

A

SIMULTANEOUS TESTING

40
Q

• After the first (screening) test was conducted, those who tested positive were brought back for the second test to further reduce false positives

A

SEQUENTIAL (TWO-STAGE) TESTING

41
Q

_: less expensive, less invasive or less uncomfortable

A

First test/ screening

42
Q

____________: more expensive, more invasive or more uncomfortable

A

Second test/ confirmatory

43
Q

A ____________, which is used to rule out a diagnosis, should have a high degree of sensitivity.

A

screening test

44
Q

A _____________, which is used to rule in a diagnosis, should have a high degree of specificity.

A

confirmatory test

45
Q

/o If something is said to be true when it is actually false

A

Type 1 terror
false-positive error
Alpha error

46
Q

o If something is said to be false when it is actually true

A

Type II
False-positive error
Beta error

47
Q

o Reliably finding a disease when it is present

o Avoids false negative results

A

Sensitivity

48
Q

Reliably excluding a disease when it is absent

Avoids false positive results

A

Specificity

49
Q

• Describe the probability of having actual disease given the results of a test

A

PREDICTIVE VALUES

50
Q

Indicates what proportion of the subjects with positive test results actually have the disease

A

Positive Predictive Value (PPV )

51
Q

Indicates what proportion of the subjects with negative test results actually do not have the disease

A

Negative Predictive Value (NPV)

52
Q

• “RULE IN DISEASE”

• Ratio of the sensitivity of a test to the false-positive error rate of the test

A

LIKELIHOOD RATIO POSITIVE (LR+)

53
Q

• “RULE OUT DISEASE”

• Ratio of the false-negative error rate divided by the specifici

A

LIKELIHOOD RATIO NEGATIVE (LR-)

54
Q

______ and _______ assess how good a test is at diagnosis of disease while ____________ predicts the risk of disease for a particular test.

A

Sensitivity and specificity/ likelihood ratio

55
Q

_________ and _________ both predict risk of disease, but, unlike predictive value which depends on the prevalence of the disease, likelihood ratio does not.

A

Predictive value and likelihood

BIOSTAT (25 decks)

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