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BIOSTAT > MEASURES OF MORTALITY AND OTHER DISEASE IMPACT > Flashcards

MEASURES OF MORTALITY AND OTHER DISEASE IMPACT Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to the presence of disease in a population.

A

Morbidity

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2
Q

The state of being susceptible to

A

Mortality

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3
Q

Frequently Used Measures of Mortality

A

Crude death rate
Cause-specific death rate
Proportionate mortality
Death-to-case ratio
Neonatal mortality rate
Postneonatal mortality rate
Infant mortality rate
Maternal mortality rate

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4
Q

MORTALITY FREQUENCY MEASURES

A

MORTALITY RATE
MORTALITY INDICES

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5
Q

Types of MORTALITY RATE

A

ANNUAL DEATH RATE
SPECIFIC DEATH RATE
CASE FATALITY RATE
PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY

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6
Q

Types of MORTALITY INDICES

A

YEARS OF POTENTIAL LIFE LOST
DISABILITY ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR

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7
Q

Measure of the number of deaths in a particular population per unit of time

A

Mortality rate

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8
Q

Serves as a measure of“disease severity”

A

Mortality rate

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9
Q

Helps us to measure whether treatment for a disease has become more effective over time

A

Mortality rate

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10
Q

Can serve as surrogates for incidence rates when disease
being studied is a severe and lethal one

A

Mortality rate

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11
Q

are important to determine the risk of people dying from a health event

A

Denominators

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12
Q

can decrease mortality rates but also detect more cases now that might
have gone undetected before.

A

Improved public health programs and campaigns

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13
Q

The estimated total number of deaths in a population of a given sex and/or age, divided by the total number of this population, expressed per 100,000 population, for a given year, in a given country, territory, or geographic area.

A

Annual death rate (mortality rate) from all causes

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14
Q

Denominator of Annual death rate (mortality rate) from all causes

A

No. of persons in the population midyear

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15
Q

Specific death rate (annual death rate w/ restriction)

A
  • Age-specific mortality rate
  • Disease-specific mortality rate
  • Cause-specific mortality rate
  • Other demographics:gender,race,etc.
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16
Q

The denominator of Age-specific mortality rate example:

A

No. of children in the population younger than 10 years of age at midyear

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17
Q

The denominator of Age-specific mortality rate example:

A

No. of children in the population younger than 10 years of age at midyear

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18
Q

The denominator of Disease-specific mortality rate example:

A

No. of persons in the population at midyear

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19
Q

The denominator of Cause-specific mortality rate example

A

No. of children in the population younger than 10 years of age at midyear

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20
Q

Percentage of people who have a certain disease and
who die within a certain time after disease diagnosis

A

Case-Fatality rate

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21
Q

Use date of diagnosis as a surrogate measure for date of disease onset

A

Case-Fatality rate

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22
Q

What percentage of people who have a certain disease die within a certain time after their disease was diagnosed?

A

Case-Fatality rate

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23
Q

The denominator of Case-Fatality rate

A

No. of individuals with the specified disease

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24
Q

Mortality rate: Numerator

A

Number of death from all causes or number or death from specific cause of death.

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25
Q

Mortality rate: Denominator

A

Entire population at risk of dying from the disease.

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26
Q

CASE-FATALITY RATE: Numerator

A

Restricted to deaths only from specific disease.
Technically not a rate, but a percentage

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27
Q

CASE-FATALITY RATE: Denominator

A

Limited to those who already have the disease of concern (Measure the severity of disease).

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28
Q

Describes the proportion of deaths in a specified population over a period of time,attributable to different causes

A

Proportionate mortality (proportion, not a rate)

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29
Q

Each cause is expressed as a percentage of all deaths

A

Proportionate mortality (proportion, not a rate)

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30
Q

Of all deaths in the United States, what proportion was caused by cardiovascular disease?

A

Proportionate mortality

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31
Q

T or F | Proportionate mortality ≠ Risk of dying

A

True

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32
Q

T or F | If there is a change in Proportionate Mortality from certain disease, it may be due to changes of some other disease.

A

True

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33
Q

Measure of premature mortality,or early death

A

Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)

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34
Q

Recognizes that death occurring in the same person at younger age clearly involves a greater loss of future productive years than death occurring at an older age

A

Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)

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35
Q

Reference range should correspond roughly to the life expectancy of the population being studied

A

Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)

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36
Q

Reference range of USA

A

75 years of age

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37
Q

Reference range of Philippines

A

72.12 average years of life

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38
Q

YPLL can assist in three important public health functions: E

A
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39
Q

YPLL can assist in three important public health functions:

A

Establishing research and resource priorities
surveillance of temporal trends in premature mortality
and Evaluating the effectiveness of program interventions.

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40
Q

YPLL can assist in three important public health functions:

A

Establishing research and resource priorities
surveillance of temporal trends in premature mortality
and Evaluating the effectiveness of program interventions.

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41
Q

Another index of disease burden

A

Disability-Adjusted LifeYear (DALY)

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42
Q

Formula:years of life lost to premature deaths + years
lived with a disability of specified severity and duration

A

Disability-Adjusted LifeYear (DALY)

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43
Q

1 DALY =

A

1 lost year of healthy life

44
Q

In epidemiology,___ is defined as the proportion of persons who are unaffected at the beginning of a study period,but who experience a risk event during the study period.

A

risk

45
Q

The risk event may be death, disease, or injury, and the people at risk for the event at the beginning of the study period constitute a _____

A

cohort

46
Q

Proportion of persons who are unaffected at the beginning of a study period, but who experiences risk event DURING the study period

A

Risk

47
Q

Constitutes the people at risk for the event at the
BEGINNING of the study period

A

Cohort

48
Q

Susceptible population:

A
49
Q

Susceptible population:

A
  • Risk related to infectious disease
  • People without antibody protection
50
Q

Subsets of the population:

A
  • People who die
  • People who are ill
  • People who are infected
  • People who are exposed
51
Q

– proportion of clinically ill persons who die

A

Case fatality ratio

52
Q

– proportion of infected persons who are clinically ill

A

Pathogenicity of the organism

53
Q
  • Represents the instantaneous rate of mortality at a certain
    age measured on an annualized basis
A

Force of mortality (FOM)

54
Q

Number of events that occur in a defined time period divided by the average number of people atrisk (ideally: midyear) for the event during the period under study

A

Rate

55
Q

Often used to measure risk

A

Rate

56
Q

Number of deaths occurring among the population of a given geographical area during a given year,among a population of 1,000 people

A

Crude Death Rate

57
Q

because all ages are represented

A

“Crude”

58
Q

When death rate is expressed as describing reality at an
instant in time (probability of death over a short period)

A

Instantaneous death rate /hazard rate

59
Q

if event in the numerator occurs more than once during the study

A

Incidence density –

60
Q

if event in the numerator occurs more than once during the study

A

Incidence density

61
Q

therefore reflects changes in the population by using the midperiod population as an estimate of the average population at risk

A

Rate

62
Q
  • Number of incident cases over a defined study period
  • Divided by the population atrisk atthe midpoint of that study period
A

Incidence rate

63
Q
  • Actually a proportion and not a rate
  • Proportion of persons with a defined disease or condition atthe time they are studied
A

Prevalence rate

64
Q

Expressed as per 1,000 /per 10,000 /per 100,000 pop

A

Incidence Rate

65
Q

Expressed as a percentage %

A

Prevalence Rate

66
Q
  • Number of new events per person-time (e.g.per personmonths or per person-years)
  • Useful when event of interest can occur in a person more than once during the study period
A

Incidence density

67
Q

THREE TYPES OF COMPARISON
* Rates or risks are typically used to make comparisons:

A

Observed rate (or risk) with a target rate (or risk)
Two different populations atthe same time
Same population at different times

68
Q
  • At the end of study period,observed rates are
    compared with set target objectives
A

Observed rate (or risk) with a target rate (or risk)

69
Q
  • Most common type
  • E.g.comparing rates of disease in different countries
A

Two different populations atthe same time

70
Q
  • Used to study time trends
  • Adjustments must be made for changes over time
    before coming up with a conclusion
A

Same population at different times

71
Q
  • Three broad categories of rates:
A

Crude
Specific
Standardized

72
Q
  • Rates that apply to an entire population without
    reference to any individual characteristics
A

Crude

73
Q
  • Population is divided into homogenous subgroups
  • Rates are calculated within these groups
A

Specific

74
Q
  • Also known as adjusted rates
  • Modified crude rates used to control the effects of age
    or other characteristics to allow valid comparisons
A

Standardized

75
Q

Crude death rates do not take“___” into account

A

age

76
Q

investigators should never make comparisons of the risk of death or disease between populations without controlling for ___ (and sometimes for other characteristics as well)

A

age

77
Q

ASDR

A

Age-specific death rate

78
Q

= sum of the ASDRs in each age

A
  • Crude death rates
79
Q

STANDARDIZATION OF
DEATH RATES
* Purpose:

A
  • So that investigators can obtain a summary death rate that is free from age bias
  • Usually applied to death rates,but may be used to
    adjust any type of rate
80
Q

2 METHODS OF STANDARDIZATION OF
DEATH RATES

A
  1. Direct standardization
  2. Indirect standardization
81
Q

Most common method to remove biasing/bias effect of different age structures in different populations

A

Direct Standardization

82
Q

May also be applied to compare incidence rates of disease or injury as well as death

A

Direct Standardization

83
Q
  • Used ifASDRs are unavailable in the population
    whose crude death rate needs to be adjusted
A

Indirect Standardization

84
Q

Used if population to be standardized is small

A

Indirect Standardization

85
Q

Uses standard rates and applies them to the known age groups in the population

A

Indirect Standardization

86
Q

SMR

A
  • Standardized mortality ratio
87
Q

Standardized mortality ratio (SMR):

A

Total number of observed deaths divided by the total
number of expected deaths

88
Q
  • The mortality rate from a specified cause for a population in a certain time period
A

Cause-specific death rate

89
Q
  • Delivery of a product of conception that shows any signs
    of life after complete removal from the mother
A

Live birth

90
Q
  • Consists of a breath or a cry,any spontaneous movement,
    a pulse or a heartbeat,or pulsation of the umbilical cord
A

Sign of life

91
Q
  • Dead fetus delivered within the first 20 weeks of gestation
A

Early fetal death (miscarriage)

92
Q
  • Dead fetus delivered between 20-28 weeks of gestation
A

Intermediate fetal death

93
Q
  • Fetus born dead at 28 weeks of gestation or later
A

Late fetal death

94
Q
  • Death of a live-born infant before infant’s 1st birthday
A

Infant death

95
Q
  • Death of a live-born infant before completion of the infant’s 28th day of life
A

Neonatal death

96
Q
  • Death of an infant after the 28th day of life – 1st bday
A

Post-neonatal death

97
Q
  • Number of live births divided by the midyear
    population per 1,000 (multiplier)
A

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

98
Q
  • Used as an overall index of the nation’s health status
A

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

99
Q

reflects the quality of medical services and
of maternal prenatal behavior (e.g.nutrition,vices, etc.)

A

Neonatal rate

100
Q

reflects the quality of the home environment

A

Post-neonatal mortality rates

101
Q

Perinatal means

A

“around the time of birth”

102
Q

Evaluates the care of pregnant women before and during delivery

A

Perinatal Mortality Rate

103
Q

Evaluates the care of mothers and their infants in the immediate
postpartum period

A

Perinatal Mortality Rate

104
Q
  • Approximation of the perinatal mortality rate in which the
    denominator does not include stillbirths
A

Perinatal mortality ratio

105
Q
  • Useful measure of the progress of a nation in providing
    adequate nutrition and medical care for pregnant women
A

Maternal Mortality Rate

106
Q
  • Death of a woman who is pregnant or who has
    recently delivered (6 weeks after childbirth)
A

Pregnancy-related deaths (puerperal deaths)

BIOSTAT (25 decks)

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