13.2, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1

Question 1

evaporation

Answer 1

vaporization that occurs at the surface of a liquid that is not boiling

Question 2

boiling

Answer 2

vaporization throughout the liquid when vapor pressure is equal to the outside pressure

Question 3

boiling point

Answer 3

the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is just equal to the external pressure on the liquid

Question 4

normal boiling point

Answer 4

the boiling point of a liquid at a pressure of 101.3 kPa or 1atm

Question 5

solvation

Answer 5

a process that occurs when an ionic solute dissolves

Question 6

what happens when things dissolve in a solution

Answer 6

solvent molecules surround the positive and negative ions

Question 7

vapor pressure

Answer 7

a measure of the force exerted by a gas above a liquid in a sealed container
a dynamic equilibrium exists between the vapor and the liquid

Question 8

surface tension

Answer 8

an inward force that tends to minimize the surface area of a liquid
it causes the surface to behave as if it were a thin skin

Question 9

solution

Answer 9

a homogeneous mixture, consists of solutes dissolved in a solvent

Question 10

solvent

Answer 10

the dissolving medium in a solution

Question 11

solute

Answer 11

dissolved particles in a solution

Question 12

soluble

Answer 12

tendency to dissolve in a specific amount of solvent at a specified temperature and presssure

Question 13

insoluble

Answer 13

tendency not to dissolve

Question 14

diple

Answer 14

a molecule that has two poles, or regions, with opposite charges

Question 15

miscible

Answer 15

describes liquids that dissolve in one another in all proportions

Question 16

immiscible

Answer 16

describes liquids that are insoluble in one another

Question 17

example of immiscible

Answer 17

oil and water

Question 18

saturated

Answer 18

maximum amount of solution

Question 19

unsaturated

Answer 19

less than maximum amount of solution

Question 20

supersaturated

Answer 20

more solute than it can hold at a given temperature

Question 21

two biggest differences between a liquid and a gas

Answer 21

the particles are farther apart in a liquid

intermolecular forces important in a liquid, negligible in a gas

Question 22

what happens to a liquid as it evaporates

Answer 22

average kinetic energy goes up, intermolecular forces are broken from the surface and some particles turn into a gas

Question 23

what happens to the temperature of a liquid as it evaporates

Answer 23

it goes down

Question 24

what affects the rate of evaporation? How and why?

Answer 24

heating speeds it up because the kinetic energy of the particles increases

Question 25

in a closed container, what is going on between the liquid and the vapor?

Answer 25

vapor pressure increases until it reaches dynamic equilibrium rate of evaporation = rate of condensation the liquid partices at the surface vaporize and produce increased vapor pressure, so then they later condense and return to liquid state

Question 26

how does an increase in the temperature of a contained liquid affect the kinetic energy? Vapor pressure?

Answer 26

it increases them both

Question 27

can a boiling liquid ever be increased above the boiling point by adding more energy

Answer 27

no

Question 28

how can water be made to boil above the normal boiling point

Answer 28

higher external pressure

Question 29

what are the six phase changes and what phases do they convert between

Answer 29

``` sublimation - solid to gas deposition - gas to solid evaporation - liquid to gas condensation - gas to liquid freezing - liquid to solid melting - solid to liquid ```

Question 30

what are the conditions of a polar bond

Answer 30

two different atoms | asymmetrical

Question 31

what are the conditions for a non-polar molecule

Answer 31

2 same atoms | symmetry

Question 32

how many bonding pairs of electrons are there in water

Answer 32

2

Question 33

how many non-bonding pairs are there

Answer 33

2

Question 34

what is the shape of water

Answer 34

bent

Question 35

what is electronegativity

Answer 35

the ability of an atom to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound

Question 36

which part of the periodic table are elements with the greatest electronegativities found?

Answer 36

top right

Question 37

which elements do not have electronegativity values and why

Answer 37

noble gases full don't bond

Question 38

which element in water has the highest electronegativity

Answer 38

oxygen

Question 39

which element in water has the lowest electronegativity

Answer 39

hydrogen

Question 40

Which element in water pulls the electrons closer to it

Answer 40

oxygen

Question 41

what is the charge on oxygen in water

Answer 41

slightly negative

Question 42

what is the charge of hydrogen in water

Answer 42

slightly positive

Question 43

Is water a polar molecule

Answer 43

yes

Question 44

what is hydrogen bonding

Answer 44

positive attracts to negative of another attractive forces in which a hydrogen covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom is also weakly bonded to an unshared electron pair of another electronegative atom

Question 45

what are two consequences of hydrogen bonding in water

Answer 45

high surface tension | low vapor pressure

Question 46

what does a surfactant do

Answer 46

interferes with hydrogen bonding and reduces surface tension

Question 47

example of surfactant

Answer 47

detergent

Question 48

bonds between water molecules are

Answer 48

hydrogen bonds

Question 49

bonds between the H and O within a water molecule are

Answer 49

polar covalent bonds

Question 50

Why does water have such a high boiling point compared to other compounds

Answer 50

hydrogen bonding causes high surface tension, particles can't break up as easily

Question 51

why does it take so much energy to melt ice

Answer 51

hydrogen bonding

Question 52

how can the boiling point be adjusted or changed

Answer 52

increased pressure will increase boiling point | increased altitude will lower boiling point

Question 53

why is ice less dense than water

Answer 53

hydrogen bonds hold water in open framework

Question 54

what is a homogeneous solution

Answer 54

solution that is uniform in composition

Question 55

can the solute be filtered out from the solvent in a homogeneous solution

Answer 55

no

Question 56

what types of substances can be dissolved in each other

Answer 56

like polar in polar nonpolar in nonpolar

Question 57

what solutes form an electrolyte when dissolved in water

Answer 57

ionic compounds

Question 58

under what other conditions do ionic compounds conduct electricity

Answer 58

when they are molten and soluble

Question 59

what solutes are most likely to dissolve in water

Answer 59

ionic and polar

Question 60

what solutes form non-electrolytes when dissolved in water

Answer 60

molecular compounds

Question 61

what type of solution can conduct electricity

Answer 61

electrolytes

Question 62

what types of elements for electrolytes

Answer 62

ionic

Question 63

are all molecular compounds non-electrolytes

Answer 63

no

Question 64

what molecular compounds are electrolytes

Answer 64

acids | NH3

Question 65

What is the difference between weak and strong electrolytes

Answer 65

strong electrolyte - strong electric current, dissociate into ions completely weak electrolyte - weak electric current, few ions dissociate

Question 66

vaporization

Answer 66

the conversion of a liquid to a gas or vapor

Question 67

Why might an ionic compound not dissolve in water

Answer 67

not soluble - attractions are stronger

Question 68

how could you tell whether a compound would dissolve in water or not

Answer 68

solubility table

Question 69

what affects the rate of dissolving

Answer 69

stirring temperature surface area

Question 70

what is the expression for solubility

Answer 70

the number of grams of solute per 100g of solvent at a certain temperature

Question 71

what affects the solubility of a solute and how?

Answer 71

temperature, pressure, nature of solvent (polar, nonpolar) | temp goes up, solubility goes up

Question 72

what affects the solubility of a gas

Answer 72

temperature and pressure

Question 73

how could you tell whether a solution was supersaturated

Answer 73

drop solute in and if it crystallizes is supersaturated