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Chapter 1 - Intro To Chemistry Flashcards

0
Q

What is chemistry?

A

the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes

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1
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that has mass and occupies space

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2
Q

Why does chemistry affect all aspects of life and most natural events?

A

living and nonliving things are made of matter

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3
Q

5 traditional areas of study

A 
organic
inorganic
biochemistry
analytical
physical
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4
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

the study of all chemicals containing carbon

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5
Q

What is inorganic chemistry?

A

the study of chemicals that, in general, do not contain carbon

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6
Q

What is biochemistry

A

the study of the processes that take place in organisms

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7
Q

what is analytical chemistry

A

the area of study that focuses on the composition of matter

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8
Q

what is physical chemistry

A

the area that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change

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9
Q

What is pure chemistry

A

the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake

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10
Q

what is applied chemistry

A

the research that is directed toward a practical goal or applicatoin

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11
Q

What can pure research do?

A

lead directly to an application

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12
Q

What is an example of an application existing before research is done?

A

aspirin

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13
Q

what is technology?

A

the means by which a society provides its members with those things needed or desired

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14
Q

How is chemistry useful?

A

explaining the natural world
preparing people for career opportunities
producing informed citizens

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15
Q

Why do chemists design materials?

A

to fit specific needs

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16
Q

what is macroscopic?

A

the world of objects that are large enough to see with the unaided eye

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17
Q

what is the microscopic world?

A

the world of objects that can be seen only under magnification

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18
Q

What do chemists play an essential role in?

A

finding ways to conserve, produce, and store energy

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19
Q

What does chemistry do for doctors?

A

supplies the medicines, materials, and techology

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20
Q

what does biotechnology do?

A

applies science to the production of biological products or processes

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21
Q

what do chemists do with agriculture?

A

help to develop more productive crops and safer, more effective ways to protect crops

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22
Q

What is a pollutant?

A

a material found in air, water, or soil that is harmful to humans and other organisms

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23
Q

What do chemists do about pollution?

A

they help identify pollutants and prevent pollution

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24
What do chemists do to study the universe?
they gather data from afar and analyze matter that is brought back to earth
25
What did alchemists do?
develop tools and techniques for working with chemicals
26
What did Lavoisier help do?
transform chemistry from a science of observation to the science of measurement that it is today
27
What is the scientific method?
a logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem
28
What are the steps in the scientific method?
making observations, testing hypotheses, and developing theories
29
What is an observation
when you use your senses to obtain information
30
what is a hypothesis?
a proposed explanation for an observation
31
What is an experiment
a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis
32
what is a manipulated variable
the variable that you change during an experiment
33
What else do you call the manipulated variable
independent
34
what is the responding variable
the variable that is observed during the experiment
35
What else do you call the responding variable
dependent variable
36
what is a theory
a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations
37
what is a scientific law
a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments
38
When scientists collaborate and communicate
they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome
39
What does effective problem solving always involve?
developing a plan and implementing that plan
40
What are the stems for solving a numeric word problem?
analyze calculate evaluate
41
What are the steps for solving a conceptual problem
analyze | solve
42
Where are inorganic chemicals found?
non-living things such as rocks
43
How did nylon come about?
pure chemistry Hermann Staudinger Wallace Carothers
44
How did aspirin come about
applied chemistry | used early on to relieve pain and stop blood clots
45
Things that provide funds for scientific research
industry private foundations federal government
46
Who looked into burrs?
George de Mestral - Swiss
47
What was the result of de Mestral's discovery on burrs?
hook and loop tapes
48
What is energy used for?
heat buildings manufacturing goods processing foods
49
What are the two ways to meet the demand for energy
conserve energy resources | produce more energy
50
a form of energy conservation
insulation
51
major sources of energy
burning of coal, petroleum, and natural gas
52
What are coal, petroleum, and natural gas?
fossil fuels
53
What is made from soybean oil?
biodiesel
54
What is the plus to biodiesel?
regular diesel lets out black exhaust | biodiesel smells like french fries
55
energy storage
batteries
56
How many prescription drugs are there?
2000
57
How many genes comprise human DNA?
30,000
58
what is the Human Genome Project?
scientists working on genes in DNA
59
What does biotechnology use?
techniques that can alter the DNA in living organisms
60
What might biotechnology depend on?
the transfer of genes from one organism to another
61
What happens when genes from humans are inserted to bacteria?
the bacteria acts as a factory, producing chemicals of importance to humans such as insulin
62
What will happen in the future of biotechnology?
gene therapy will treat some diseases | a gene not working right will be replaced by another one
63
How can you measure productivity?
measure the amount of edible food that is grown on a unit of land
64
factors that decrease productivity
``` poor soil qualilty lack of water weeds plant diseases pests that eat crops ```
65
What did insect killers use to be?
nonspecific
66
What is used to combat pinworms?
fake female mating chemical
67
What was discovered using the sun?
helium
68
What did alchemy do?
developed techniques for working with metals, glass, dyes | searched for a way to change other metals into gold
69
What else did Lavoisier do?
made careful measurements | discovered how materials burn
70
What did Lavoisier discover about fire?
not the release of phlogiston, but the presence of oxygen and nitrogen
71
Who helped Lavoisier
his wife Marie Anne
72
How can the results of an experiment be accepted?
by getting the same thing no matter how many times it is repeated or by whom
73
Why must scientists publish their procedures with their results?
so some one else can test it
74
What is involved in analyzing a numeric word problem?
finding the known and unknown

Chemistry (12 decks)

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