Chap 14, Lymphatic and Immune Systems, Pathology

Question 1

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Answer 1

Depression or suppression of the immune system after exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems.

Question 2

opportunistic infections

Answer 2

Infectious diseases associated with AIDS; toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, herpes simplex, and Pneumocystosis carinii pneumonia (PCP). Infectious diseases associated with AIDS; they occur because HIV infection lowers the body’s resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that normally are easily contained.

Question 3

cryptococcal infection (Crypto)

Answer 3

Yeast-like fungus (Cryptococcus) causes lung, brain, and blood infections. Pathogen is found in pigion droppings and nesting places, air, water, and soil.

Question 4

cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection

Answer 4

Virus causes enteritis and retinitis (inflammation of the retina at the back of the eye). Found in saliva, semen, cervical secretions, urine, feces, blood, and breast milk, but usually causes disease only when the immune system is compromised.

Question 5

herpes simplex

Answer 5

Viral infection causes small blisters on the skin of the lips or nose or on the genitals. Herpes simplex virus also can cause encephalitis.

Question 6

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

Answer 6

One-celled organism causes lung infection, with fever, cough, and chest pain. Pathogen is found in air, water, and soil and is carried by animals. Infection is treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim), a combination of antibiotics, or with pentamidine. Aerosolized pentamidine, which is inhaled, can prevent occurrence of PCP.

Question 7

toxoplasmosis (Toxo)

Answer 7

Parasitic infection involving the central nervous system (CNS) and causing fever, chills, visual disturbances, confusion, hemiparesis (slight paralysis in half of the body), and seizures. Pathogen j(Toxoplasma) is acquired by eating uncooked lab or pork, unpasteurized dairy products, or raw eggs or vegetables.

Question 8

Kaposi sarcoma

Answer 8

Malignant tumor of skin and connective tissue; associated with AIDS. A cancer arising from the lining cells of capillaries that produces dark purplish skin nodules.

Question 9

lymphoma

Answer 9

Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue. Associated with AIDS.

Question 10

wasting syndrome

Answer 10

Weight loss and decrease in muscle strength, appetite, and mental activity that occurs with AIDS.

Question 11

reverse transcriptase (RT)

Answer 11

Viral enzyme

Question 12

reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Answer 12

Drug used to treat AIDS by blocking an enzyme (RT, reverse transcriptase), needed to make copies of HIV.

Examples of these drugs: zidovudine and lamivudine (Epivir).

Question 13

HAART

Answer 13

Highly active antiretroviral therapy - use of combinations of drugs that are effective against AIDS.

Question 14

allergy

Answer 14

Abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen (allergen).

Question 15

lymphoma

Answer 15

Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue.

Question 16

multiple myeloma

Answer 16

Malignant tumor of bone marrow cells (plasma cells that produce immunoglobulins).

Question 17

thymoma

Answer 17

Malignant tumor of the thymus gland.

Question 18

anaphylaxis

Answer 18

Exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substance.

Question 19

allergen

Answer 19

substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction in the body; a type of antigen.

Question 20

CD4+ cells

Answer 20

Helper T cells that carry the CD4 protein antigen on their surface. HIV binds to CD4 and infects and kills T cells bearing this protein. AIDS patients have an inadequate number of CD4+ cells.

Question 21

Hodgkin disease

Answer 21

Malignant tumor of lympoid tissue in spleen and lymph nodes. This disease is characterized by lymphadenopathy. Reed-Sternberg cell often is found on microscopic analysis.

Question 22

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Answer 22

Virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS.

Question 23

Kaposi sarcoma

Answer 23

Malignant lesion associated with AIDS; arises from the lining of capillaries and appears as red, purple, brown or black skin nodules.

Question 24

non-Hodgkin lymphomas

Answer 24

Group of malignant tumors involving lympoid tissue. Examples are follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma.

Question 25

candidiasis

Answer 25

Yeast-like fungus (Candida), normally present in the mouth, skin, intestinal tract, and vagina, overgrows, causing infection of the mouth (thrush), respiratory tracts, and skin.

Question 26

protease inhibitor

Answer 26

Drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme that helps create new viral pieces for HIV.

Question 27

reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI)

Answer 27

Drug that treats AIDS by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV.

Question 28

wasting syndrome

Answer 28

Weight loss, decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity; associated with AIDS.

Question 29

atopic dermatitis

Answer 29

(rash from soaps, cosmetics, chemicals). Atopic means related to atopy, a hypersensitivity or allergic state arising from an inherited predisposition. A person who is atopic is prone to allergies.

Question 30

allergic rhinitis

Answer 30

or hay fever (caused by pollen or animal dander)

Question 31

systemic anaphylaxis

Answer 31

An extraordinary hypersensitivity reaction occurs throughout the body leading to a fall in blood pressure (hypotension), shock, respiratory distress and edema (swelling) of the larynx. Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening.

Question 32

cryptosporidiosis

Answer 32

Parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract, brain and spinal cord. The pathogen, Cryptosporidium, is a one-celled organism commonly found in farm animals.

Question 33

Histoplasmosis (Histo)

Answer 33

Fungal infection caused by inhalation of dust contaminated with Histoplasma capsulatum; causes fever, chills, and lung infection. Pathogen is found in bird and bat droppings.

Question 34

Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) complex infection

Answer 34

Bacterial disease manifesting with fever, malaise, night sweats, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss, and lung and blood infections.

Question 35

tuberculosis (TB)

Answer 35

Bacterial disease (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis) involving the lungs, brain, and other organs. Signs and symptoms are fever, cough, loss of weight, anorexia, and blood in sputum.

Question 36

atopy

Answer 36

Hypersensitive or allergic state involving an inherited predisposition.

Question 37

lymphadenopathy

Answer 37

Disease of lymph nodes

Question 38

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM)

Answer 38

A type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)

Question 39

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM)

Answer 39

A type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The cancer cells make large amounts of an abnormal protein (called a macroglobulin). Another name for WM is lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma.