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Endocrinology > Adrenal Gland Phys > Flashcards

Adrenal Gland Phys Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenal Gland composed of what two areas?

A

Cortex and Medulla

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2
Q

Adrenal cortex is located where in relation to the medulla

A

Periphery

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3
Q

What types of hormones does the adrenal cortex make?

A

Steroids

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4
Q

Three regions of the adrenal cortex

A 
zona glomerulosa (15%)
zone fasiculata (75%)
zona reticularis (10%)
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5
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa make?

A

Aldosterone

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6
Q

What do the zona fasiculates and zona reticularis make?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol), SAndrogens and Estrogens

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7
Q

Adrenal Medulla makes?

A

Catecholamines (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine)

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8
Q

See slides and hormone table bs for function of the hormones

A

ok

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9
Q

Transport of adrenocortical hormones in blood is facilitated by what?

A

steroid hormone-binding serum proteins called GLOBULINS

-partially by albumin which has low affinity

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10
Q

90% of Cortisol exists in what form

A

BOUND, moslty to transcortin and partially to albumin

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11
Q

10% of cortisol in plasma is :

A

FREE

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12
Q

60% of aldosterone is bound to?

A

Transcortin

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13
Q

Purposes of hormone binding protein:

A
  • suppress the biological activity of steroid hormones
  • protect the hormone from structural alteration
  • Extend the half-life of hormones
  • Provide an active hormone to the target tissue when needed
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14
Q

What is teh source of all steroid hormones

A

cholesterol duh.

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15
Q

What provides the cholesterol

A

LDL (80% cholesterol for steroid synthesis)

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16
Q

How cholesterol get into adrenal cells for steroid synthesis

A

LDL binds to LDL receptors (clathrin coated pits) on the plasma membranes of adrenal cortical cells

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17
Q

LDL is transported into the cells by what process

A

endocytosis (endosomal membrane trafficking)

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18
Q

In lysosomes cholesterol is released from the receptors

A

ok

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19
Q

Cholesterol is then esterified and stored in cytoplasmic vesicles until it is needed for steroid synthesis

A

ok

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20
Q

Key enzyme in steroid synthesis

KNOW

A 
cholesterol desmolase (cyp11A1) part of the P450 superfamily
- facilitates the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
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21
Q

What controls steroidogenesis

A

ACTH stimulates CYP11A1

- also stimulates cholesterol uptake by upregulating LDL receptors

22
Q

Besides Desmolase, what is the other key enzyme in mineralocorticoid biosynthesis

A

Aldosterone Synthase

23
Q

What upregulates desmolase activity?

A

ACTH…you know this

24
Q

What upregulates aldosterone synthase

A

Ang II

25
Q

What is the final step of mineralocorticoid biosynthesis?

A

corticosterone to aldosterone

26
Q

Target organs for aldosterone

A

kidneys, brain, lungs, heart, vascular

27
Q

What is the mechanism of mineralocorticoid effect?

A

Upregulates gene expression:

1) binds to MR’s in the cytoplasm
2) The hormone receptor complex translocates to the nucleus
3) Binding to the promoter area of specific genes
4) Upregulation of gene expression (Na/K ATPase, Na, K transporters

28
Q

Genes that are upregulated by the mineralocorticoids?

A
  • Na/K ATPase…ATP dependent transport of Na and K
  • Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC
  • Serum and Glucocortocoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1)
  • Renal outer medullary K channel

—Important to note that SGK1 activates Na/K ATPase, ENac, and ROMK)

29
Q

GLucocorticoids are produced where?

A

Zona Reticularis and Zona Fasiculata (main site of synthesis)

30
Q

most potent glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol (hydrocortisone)…95% os glucoccorticoid activity

31
Q

Corticosterone

A

modest potency

32
Q

What are the key enzymes in cortisol biosynthesis that we should know

A
  • cholesterol desmolase

- 11beta hydroxylase

33
Q

What drug inhibits desmolase action?

A

ketaconazole

34
Q

What drug inhibits 11beta hydroxylase action

A

Metapyrone and Etomidate

35
Q

Glucoccorticoids (cortisol) affect on the liver

A

promotes gluconeogenesis from amino acids, mobilization of amino acids from muscle into blood

36
Q

Cortisol on pancreas?

A

upreg insulin production

37
Q

cortisol’s affect on various organs?

A

Upregulate insulin resistance

38
Q

KNOW that glucocorticoids stimulate protein catabolism in all organs except the liver

A

ok. This means that proteins are broken down to amino acids, you have more amino acids in the blood, decreased protein synthesis mean sloss of body wt. and immune function suppresed

39
Q

Gluccocorticoids and fat metabolism

A

Promotes lipolysis, enhance mobilization and oxidation of fatty acids as an alternative enrgy source.
-Redistribution of body fat (paradoxical fat deposits in the body)

40
Q

High doses of oral cortisol can lead to what?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

41
Q

What does Cortisol do to immune function

A

Suppresses it

42
Q

EFFEcts of Cortisol on other tissues

A

notes

43
Q

Describe transactivation and transpression as they apply to glucocorticoid effect on gene expression

A

transactivation- stimulation or repression of gene expression

transpression- suppression of genes via transcriptional factors

44
Q

Adrenal sex hormones and males

A

weak effects

45
Q

Adrenal sex hormones in women

A

The major Androgens (excess leads to suppression of gonadal function and masculinization) This is called adrenogenital syndrome

46
Q

The hormones of the adrenal medulla are?

A

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

47
Q

What is the structure of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

amino acid derivatives (tyrosine)

48
Q

Remember that the cells of the medulla are neuroectodermal in origin and therefore are modified neurons

A

ok

49
Q

Targets of catecholamines?

A

heart, lungs, muscles, vessels

50
Q

Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis does what?

A

manages tress response, energy usage, immune response, digestion

51
Q

Corticotrophin releasing hormone stimulates the pituitary to secrete ACTH

A

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce its hormones….KNOW

52
Q

Cortisol initiates a negative feedback regulation by inhibiting the hippocampus, hypothalamus,and pituitary gland

A

ok

Endocrinology (33 decks)

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