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Endocrinology > Menstrual cycles > Flashcards

Menstrual cycles Flashcards

1
Q

Initiation of pregnancy for the sperm

A

Sperm must move from the vagina through the uterus and into the fallopian tube. Egg and sperm have to meet within 6-24 hours after ovulation

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2
Q

how long after ovulation do the sperm have to meet an egg>?

A

6-24 hours

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3
Q

What must happen to the sperm that allows them to penetrate the zona pellucida surrounding the egg?

A

capacitation

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4
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

upper oviduct

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5
Q

survivability (fertilizability) of the ovum?

A

6-12 hours

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6
Q

survivability of the sperm?

A

1-2 days

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7
Q

Sexual interest in women peaks when?

A

Midcycle (right around the time of ovulation) and just before menstruation

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8
Q

volume of ejaculation

A

1-3 ml, 100 million sperm in each ml

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9
Q

Cervical mucus thinning occurs mid cycle and is stimulated by

A

estrogen

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10
Q

motility of the female tract

A

Prostaglandins in semen, estradiol, oxytocin

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11
Q

Highest chance of pregnancy

A

The day of ovulation or 1-2 days prior. Up to five days prior since thats how long the sperm can survive. Pregnancy chances decrease to zero by one day after ovulation since the egg is only fertilizable for about 6-12 hours

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12
Q

At birth, 1 million germ cells

A

at puberty, 300,000

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13
Q

When does menopause start

A

when all eggs are gone…estrogen falls, FSH and LH rise

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14
Q

Cycle

A

Follicle secretes mainly estrogen (increasing amounts for the first two weeks).
- The estrogen is made by the granulosa cells which make it out of the androgens produced by the thecal cells stimulated by LH The granulosa cells are stimulated by FSH

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15
Q

How many follicles develop in each cycle?

A

only one, this dominany follicle secretes substances that cause the others to regress

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16
Q

What makes inhibin and what does inhibin do?

A

Granulosa cells, it turns off FSH after the follicular phase is over and throughout the luteal phase

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17
Q

Cycle starts when

A

first day of bleeding….period is the start of a cycle not the end

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18
Q

Basal body temp rises when

A

directy after ovulation

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19
Q

FSH rises at the end of a cycle and through the period. Why

A

Because Estrogen, Progesterone, and Inhibin have fallen to allow FSH to rise and begin to stimulate growth of new follicle

20
Q

Estrogen rises throughout the follicular phase why?

A

When it reaches a certain point it stops being an inhibitory hormone and causes a spike in FSH and LH

21
Q

midcycle LH surge leads to

A

ovulation

22
Q

BC pills prevent

A

MIDCYCLE LH SURGE

23
Q

Rise in progesteron around midcycle tells you:

A

Follicle is changing to corpus luteum

24
Q

Why does Basal body temperature go up?

A

Progesterone resets the temperature control

25
Q

Endometrial phases during menstrual cycle

A
  • Menstrual phase (5 days)- sloughing off of uterine lining
  • Proliferative Phase (11 days)- glands that are lined by secretory cells which secrete things like glucose into the uterine lumen to keep the blastocyst viable
  • Secretory phase- persists through teh luminal phase
26
Q

What provides blood to the proliferative phase and secretory phase uterine linings

A

spiral arteries

27
Q

During the Follicular phase: Hypothalamus secretes

A

GnRH

28
Q

GnRH tells the gonadotrophs to secrete what?

A

FSH and LH

29
Q

FSH stimulates what in the ovary?

A

Granulosa cells

30
Q

Granulosa cells mak what

A

Estrogen (from the androgens produced by thecal cells) and Inhibin

31
Q

LH stimulates what

A

Thecal cells

32
Q

Thecal cells produce what

A

Androgen which is used to make estrogen

33
Q

Inhibin feeds back where

A

Anterior pituitary and hypothalamus to decrease LH and FSH

34
Q

KNOW CHART IN NOTES

A

ok

35
Q

FSH does what to Granulosa cells

A

causes them to proliferate and produce Estradiol

36
Q

Estradiol stimulates more proliferation in granulosa cells

A

This is positive feedback

37
Q

Ovulation is triggered by

A

midcycle LH surge

38
Q

During ovulation, the follicular membrane

A

ruptures after being attacked by proteolytic enzymes

39
Q

Variation in length of a woman’s menstrual cycle is caused by

A

length of the follicular phase, ie, time for dollicle to develop and the ovum be released

40
Q

hCG

A

keeps the corpus luteum from degenerating

41
Q

Luteal phase highlight

A

The development of corpus luteum

42
Q

Corpus luteum begins to develop when

A

a few days before ovulation (see this by spike in progesterone)

43
Q

How long does the CL last

A

2 weeks but it is degenerating in the last 5 days. This is called luteolysis

44
Q

CL secretes

A

estrogen, lots of progesterone, 17 hydroxyprogesterone and inhibin

45
Q

17 hydroxy does what>

A

who cares

Endocrinology (33 decks)

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