Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physiology I > Chapter One > Flashcards

Chapter One Flashcards

1
Q

Two processes that explain body functions

A

Teleological (WHY)
Mechanistic (HOW)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Six classifications of physiology

A

1) Atomic
2)Cellular
3)Tissues
4)organ
5)organ systems
6)organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Atomic Level

A

Definition: Formation of molecules (hydrogen and oxygen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cellular Level

A

Definition: Smallest and simplistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tissue Level

A

Definition: collection of similar cells, that are woven together
Sub divisions: Muscle, Nervous, Epithelial, Connective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Skeletal muscle - generates force movement
Smooth muscle - internal
Cardiac muscle - heart, contracts to generate force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Central CNS - brain/spinal
Peripheral PNS - nerves/connection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

-Found in sheets, covers and lines
-gland formation (endocrine/exocrine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cell theory

A

-cells are smallest structural and functional unit of life
-function of each cell depends on specific structural properties of the cell
-cells are living building blocks of all organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Plasma membrane

A

-Separates ICF and ECF
-controls movement in and out of cell
-transports
-communicates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains all DNA of cell
-brain/master molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double layer membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nucleoius

A

Synthesizes ribosomes
-contains DNA
-transports ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chromatin

A

Spools of DNA, makes up chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nuclear ports

A

Regulates movement of material in and out (Ribosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

DNA

A

Genetic blueprint
-directs protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does cytoplasm break down into (three categories)

A

-cytosol
-organelles
-inclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Everything inside cell, excluding the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cytosol

A

Semigelatinous gel like mass
-cytoskeleton is found
-Soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ICF

A

Intercellular fluid, found inside cell
28L
-A part of the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Organelles

A

Membrane bound, insoluable
“Little organs”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Five organelles

A

-ER
-golgi complex
-lysosome
-peroxisome
-mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

A network of tubules
-protein and lipid manufactorer
-made up of rough and smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Rough ER

A

Considered rough due to ribosomes layering surface
-site of protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Smooth ER

A

-Transports proteins
-lipid synthesis
-hormone synthesis
-stores calcium in the bones and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Golgi complex

A

Receives transport vesicles into secretory vesicles
-theorized to be connected to Alzheimer’s
-final destinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Secretory

A

Contains all markers for final destinations
-200x larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Inclusions

A

Not membrane bound
-insoluable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Inclusions subdivision (three)

A

-ribosomes
-centrioles
-vault

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Lysosome

A

Used to break down in process of phagocytosis
-full of hydrolytic enzymes
Lysis = degrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Peroxisome

A

Produces peroxide
-oxidative reaction enzyme (—> H2O2—>H2O+O2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which is larger peroxisome or lysosome

A

The lysosome is larger
Peroxisome is smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of ATP synthesis and storage
-double membrane
-enzyme + citric acid cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis (mRNA into amino acids)
-from nucleus to cytoplasm
-2 subunits form a complete unit
-80s
-ribosomes can be free floating
-ploy ribosomes exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Vaults

A

Used for transportation of ribosomal parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

vaults in cancerous patients THEORY

A

Vaults store chemotherapy drug, allows resistance to grow against drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Hydrolytic enzymes

A

Breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Endocytosis

A

Process of bringing inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Phagocytosis

A

White blood cells consume bad thing, destroys it in a process of the immune system
-lysosomes spray out hydrolytic enzymes to break bad things down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Tay-sachs

A

No enzyme hexoaminodose (break down glycolipid)
LYSOSOMES
-affects nerve cells
Symptoms include blindness, loss of condition which leads to death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Christaie

A

Structure in the mitochondria
-energy is created and “jumps” out into the matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Matrix

A

Structure of the mitochondria
-holds energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

McArdle disease

A

A metabolic deficiency
MITOCHONDRIA
-lacking enzyme to break down glycogen (turns into glucose)
Symptoms include fatigue, pain, cramps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Kearns -Sayre disease

A

Progressive paralysis due to lack of enzyme in MITOCHONDRIA
-begins with eye muscle—then retinal pigment destroys vision—heart defect into heart blockage (no electrical pulse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Redox in peroxisome

A

Breaks down (oxidation reduction)
-H2O2–> H2O + O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Centrioles

A

Creates the mitotic spindle, guides DNA movement
-two per cell
-made up by microtubules (9 per centriole)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Centrioles in cancer patient

A

during cancer treatment centrioles die
-which leads to no cell division
Symptoms include fatigue, diarrhea, hair loss, vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Sredberg

A

Discovered the 2 subunit theory of ribosomes
-80s and the sredberg unit
-aids in distinguishing ribosomes

49
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

Draws sister chromosomes to either pole

50
Q

Inclusion means…

A

..no membrane

51
Q

What major organelle synthesizes proteins

A

Rough ER
-secretes to exterior
Or
-incorporated into cell membrane

52
Q

What does the smooth ER do to the proteins after they are synthesized by rough ER

A

Packages the proteins into transport vesicles and empties into golgi sacs

53
Q

The smooth ER packages proteins and turns them into ________ which heads towards the ______ _______

A

Transport vesicles
Golgi complex

54
Q

What do transport vesicles fuse with? And where do they empty into?

A

Fuse with Golgi complex
Empties into Golgi sacs

55
Q

What empties into golgi sacs

A

Transport vesicles

56
Q

What happens to the proteins found inside the Golgi complex

A

Modified into a final form
-sorted and directed to their final destination

57
Q

_____ containing the protein final form bud off from the Golgi complex to remain in the _____ storing until signalled

A

Secretory vesicles
Cytosol

58
Q

Do secretory vesicles remain in the Golgi complex or leave?

A

They bud off from the Golgi complex into the cytosol, where they store until signaled

59
Q

What happens when the serectory vesicles are signalled from in the cytoplasm

A

Fuse with the plasma membrane and then empty contents to cells exterior

60
Q

Does the secretion done by exocytosis in protein synthesis of the ER ever come in contact with cytosol?

A

No, the product never comes in contact with the cytosol

61
Q

Mitosis

A

Somatic cells, 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs
-diploid

62
Q

meiosis

A

Germ cells
23 chromosomes (haploid)

63
Q

Phase G1

A

Duplicates organelles and Centrosome replication
-8/10 hours

64
Q

Interphase

A

DNA replication stage
-cell is not dividing
-consists of three phases G1, S and G2

65
Q

G2 phase

A

Cell growth, enzyme/protein synthesized
-4/6 hours

66
Q

G0

A

Cell is not apart of the cell division cycle

67
Q

What is the difference between meiosis I and meiosis II

A

There is crossing over that takes place in metaphase I

68
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do human somatic cells contains

A

23 pairs

69
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Two chromosomes that make up a pair

70
Q

Diploid cells

A

Somatic cells which contain two sets of chromosomes

71
Q

S phase

A

Replication of DNA occurs in this phase

72
Q

Mitotic Phase

A

Nuclear division and a cytoplasmic division to form two identical cells

73
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of a cells cytoplasm to form two identical cells
-takes place in late anaphase
-forms cleavage furrow

74
Q

Prophase

A

The chromatin fibres change into chromosomes

75
Q

Metaphase

A

Microtubules align the centromeres of the chromatid pairs at the metaphase plate

76
Q

Anaphase

A

The chromatid pairs split at the centromere and move to opposite poles of the cell
-chromatids now called chromosomes

77
Q

Telophase

A

Two identical nuclei are formed around the identical sets of chromosomes
-chromosomes are now chromatin

78
Q

Chromatin

A

Spooled up pieces of chromosomes

79
Q

Microtubules

A
80
Q

Centromeres

A
81
Q

Chromatid pairs

A
82
Q

Chromatid

A
83
Q

Metaphase plate

A
84
Q

Difference between chromatids and chromosomes

A
85
Q

When does interphase begin?

A

When cytokinesis is complete

86
Q

Cleavage furrow

A
87
Q

Meiosis

A

Reproductive cell division
-occurs in the gonads
-produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes

88
Q

Haploid cells

A

Gametes contain a single set of 23 chromosomes

89
Q

Fertilization

A

Union of two gametes, one from each parent
-restores the diploid number of chromosomes

90
Q

When does crossing over take place

A
91
Q

Homeostasis

A

A dynamic equilibrium meant to bring the body systems back to balance
-minimizes and responds to change
-

92
Q

What two fluids aid in homeostasis

A

ECF and ICF

93
Q

What is ECF

A

Fluid found outside cells or fluids in which the cells live in

94
Q

What are the two types of ECF

A

Plasma and interstitial fluid

95
Q

Plasma

A

Everything in blood, besides cells
-3L

96
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Fills the space
-11L

97
Q

ICF (

A

Intracellular fluids
-the fluid contained within all body cells
-28L

98
Q

Intrinsic controls

A

Homeostasis does not rely on any other organ
-organ does it itself
For example: during excersizing muscles dilate blood vessels to receive more O2

99
Q

Extrinsic controls

A

Homeostasis occurs by outside organs (coordinated)
-usually endocrine and nervous

For example: low blood pressure, endocrine and nervous activate the liver and kidneys to release Renin-ANG which raises BP

100
Q

Negative food back

A

Minimizing and reversing the change
-receives an error signal then works to bring to set point
Example: body temperature

Sense—>center—->effector

101
Q

Positive feedback

A

Reinforces and amplifies the change
Examples: childbirth, oxytocin increases labor

102
Q

Feed forward

A

Acts in anticipation of change
Example: saliva secretion

103
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells with similar structure and function
-layered and weaving

104
Q

Muscle tissue sub categories

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

105
Q

Skeletal tissue

A

Generates force and movement, voluntary

106
Q

Smooth tissue

A

Internal, involuntary

107
Q

Cardiac tissue

A

Involuntary, contracts to generate force

108
Q

Types of nervous tissue

A

Central (brain and spinal cord)
Peripheral (nerves, connection)

109
Q

Types of epithelial tissue

A

Epithelial sheets
Secretory glands

110
Q

Epithelial sheets

A

Cover and line

111
Q

Secretory glands

A

Endocrine or exocrine, site if release

112
Q

Types of connective tissues

A

Loose, bone, tendons, blood

113
Q

Loose tissues

A

Fill and penetrate organs

114
Q

Bone

A

Rigid and connective

115
Q

Tendons

A

Attach bones

116
Q

Blood

A

Watery connective tissues

117
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Secretions go into the blood
-connected to blood vessels and tissue
Example: hormones

118
Q

Exocrine gland

A

Opens the the surface, secretions to the surface
-has a lumen (hollow)
Example: sweat gland

Human Physiology I (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions