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Human Physiology I > Chapter Three > Flashcards

Chapter Three Flashcards

1
Q

Membrane potential

A

Difference in charge between the ICF and ECF
-all cells have this
-aids in communication

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2
Q

The charge inside/ in the ICF

A

Slightly negative

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3
Q

The charge outside/ ECF

A

Slightly positive

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4
Q

Extracellular concentration of Na+ and K+

A

150mM
5mM

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5
Q

Intercellular concentrations of Na+ and K+

A

15mM and 150mM

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6
Q

Permeability of concentrations of Na+ and K+

A

1 and 50-75

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7
Q

Ratio of Na+:K+

A

3:2

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8
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Potential that exists when cell is not being excited

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9
Q

Potential to do work is

A

Separation of charges

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10
Q

Neural communication

A

Nerve muscle and electrical signals

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11
Q

Excitable tissues are able to create

A

Electrical signals

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12
Q

Resting potential in mV

A

-70

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13
Q

Polarization

A

Membrane potential is at other than 0mV

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14
Q

Depolarization

A

Less polarization than resting potential
-positive
-opening of sodium channels (Na+ in flux)

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15
Q

Depolarization permeability occurring

A

Increase of permeability of NA+

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16
Q

How long does depolarization last in msec

A

0.5msec

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17
Q

Repolarization time taking

A

0.5msec

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18
Q

Repolarization

A

Returns to resting potential
-negative movement

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19
Q

Permeability during Repolarization

A

K+ permeability increases

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20
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Goes even further negative, then needs energy to bring back to resting

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21
Q

What occurs during hyperpolarization

A

Leakage of K+

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22
Q

What occurs during polarization

A

Na+ and K+ pump rests

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23
Q

Potential change

A

Have to use the channels
-graded potential
-action potential

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24
Q

Anion concentrations in Extracellular

A

Zero

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25
Q

Anion intercellular concentration

A

65

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26
Q

Anion permeability concentration

A

Zero

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27
Q

Graded potential

A

-short distance signal
-with variable strength depending on stimuli
Sodium channels open and depolarize

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28
Q

What does it mean by graded potential is decremental

A

There is a leakage of ions and cytoplasmic resilience (loss of charge)

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29
Q

Examples of graded potential

A

-postsynaptic signal
-receptor potential
-end plate potential (EPP)
-pacemaker potential

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30
Q

Postsynaptic signal

A

Graded signals across junction of nerve #1 and #2

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31
Q

Receptor potential

A

Receptors produce excitation at attachment of nerve

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32
Q

EPP

A

Nerve meeting a muscle

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33
Q

pacemaker potential

A

Creating your own pace
-internal organs/smooth muscle
-no waste of energy

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34
Q

Action potential

A

-large signal and long distance signal
-extremely rapid and in a small region
-has a threshold potential
-SPIKES (rising and falling)

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35
Q

Threshold potential

A

Needs a certain amount of strong stimuli to set off
-all or nothing principle

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36
Q

How long is action potential

A

1.0 msec

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37
Q

Action potential energy change

A

100mv

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38
Q

Four channels

A

-voltage gate
-chemically gated
-mechanical gate
-thermo channel

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39
Q

Voltage gate

A

Open and close in response to change
-example is sodium

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40
Q

Chemically gated

A

Bind chemical responses to membrane receptor
Example- neurotransmitter (synapse)

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41
Q

Mechanical gate

A

Respond to stretch, touch and mechanicals
Example- scratching

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42
Q

Thermochannel

A

Heat and cold triggers

43
Q

Positive feedback circle

A

Triggering event —> depolarization (dec membrane potential——>opening of some voltage gated Na+ channels ——-> influx of Na+ (dec mem potential more)

44
Q

Resting potential means a _____ gate

A

Closed gate

45
Q

At triggering even the gates ____

A

Open

46
Q

Activation gate

A

-opening of gate during triggering event
Na+ influx

47
Q

Inactivstion gate

A

-closing the gate
Ball and chain gate
-permeability of Na+ goes down

48
Q

What is the absolute refractory period

A

-Na+ channels are closed and cannot be stimulated again
-unidirectional (forward never backward)
-all or none

49
Q

Why is the absolute refractory period negative

A

Due to open K+

50
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Another action potential can happen
-but needs to be a greater stimuli
Na+ is closed: K+ is open

51
Q

Myelinated fiber

A

Faster, less ATP used
-has node of ranvier
-myelin sheath

52
Q

Unmyelinated fiber

A

Slower, uses more ATP
-needs a domino touch of each cell membrane

53
Q

Propogation

A

-contagious conduction
-saltatory conduction

54
Q

Contagious conduction

A

-action potential travels through all of the cell
-unmyelinated

55
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

-jumps over myelin insulation
-myelinated
-50x faster

56
Q

Axon

A

The start of action potential
-Has many Na+, K+ channels

57
Q

ALS

A

Cytoskeleton failure

58
Q

Cell body

A

Healthy, chemical requirements

59
Q

Dendrites

A

The input zone, with messaging
-range from many to few (depending on function)

60
Q

Axon terminals

A

Output of message

61
Q

Synapse

A

The junction between two neurons
-exocytosis

62
Q

During an action potential, what happens to the Ca2+ terminals? And what does this do?

A

They open up, and this triggers vesicles to release

63
Q

_____ entrees the synaptic knob (presynaptic terminal) and does what?

A

Ca2+
-mobilizes vesicles
-as a signal

64
Q

______ is released by _______ into the synaptic cleft

A

Neurotransmitter and exocytosis

65
Q

Neurotransmitters bind to ______ ____ on the post synaptic neuron

A

Receptor sites

66
Q

Specific ion channels _____ into the sub synaptic membrane

A

Open

67
Q

Very simple three steps of synapse

A
  1. Mobilize vesicles
    2.neurotransmitters release into cleft
  2. Chemically gated channels receive
68
Q

Presynaptic neuron ——>

A

Postsynaptic neuron

69
Q

Neurotransmitter at clef….

A

Releases into next neuron

70
Q

Excitatory synapse (EPSP)

A

-response to neurotransmitter is a small depolarization
—> towards threshold

71
Q

Inhibitory synapse IPSP

A

Response to neurotransmitter by a small hyperpolarization
-further from threshold

72
Q

Myelin is created by _____ in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

73
Q

Myelin is created by _____ in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

74
Q

Smooth muscle is made of ______

A

Unmyelinated fiber

75
Q

Skeletal muscle is made up of _____

A

Myelinated fiber

76
Q

Speed difference between myelinated and Unmyelinated fibres

A

Myelinated: 120 m/s
Unmyelinated: 0.7 m/s

77
Q

The _____ the fiber diameter the _____

A

Larger, faster

78
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Demyelinating disease
-progressive
Symptoms: fatigue, wheelchair bound, loss of vision, muscle weakness

79
Q

Theorized causes of MS

A

-Early herpes (6 and 4) infection
-environment

80
Q

Grand post synaptic potential GPSP

A

-spatial and temporal
Dictated by rates of firing of the presynaptic neurons that jointly control grand membrane potential

81
Q

Delay in GPSP is

A

0.5m/s
-readjustment

82
Q

Spatial in GPSP

A

Simultaneous stimulation of Ex1 and Ex2

83
Q

Temporal in GPSP

A

Before cell dies off, Ex1 stimulates again and adds onto stimulations

84
Q

No summation in GPSP

A

Ex1 is stimulated a second time, triggering EPSP of same magnitude after cell dies off

85
Q

EPSP and IPSP cancellation in GPSP

A

Ex1 and In1 will cancel each other out

86
Q

Axon terminal of one neuron is the

A

Presynaptic neuron

87
Q

Dendrites or cell body of a second neuron

A

Postsynaptic neuron

88
Q

Presynaptic neuron lies ____ the synapse

A

Before

89
Q

Postsynapic neuron lies ____ the synapse

A

After

90
Q

The Presynaptic neuron conducts its action potential ___ the synapse

A

Towards

91
Q

Synaptic knob

A

End of the Presynaptic neuron
-slight swelling
-contains synaptic vesicles

92
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Store a specific chemical messenger
-neurotransmitter

93
Q

Does the synaptic knob directly touch the postsynaptic neuron?

A

No
-very close proximity tho

94
Q

Postsynaptic neuron takes action potential ____ the synapse

A

Away

95
Q

Synaptic clef

A

The space between the Presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

96
Q

What voltage gated channel is activated when the AP in a Presynaptic neuron has been propogated

A

Calcium

97
Q

Calcium channels are activated by changes in

A

Electrical potential

98
Q

Is calcium more concentrated in ECF or ICF and why?

A

The ECF
-creates inward electrical gradient, flowing into the synaptic knob

99
Q

Calcium induces the release of a _______ from some of the synaptic vesicles into the _________

A

-neurotransmitter
-synaptic cleft

100
Q

Total reaction time

A

Response to the stimulus

101
Q

Neurotransmitter release is accomplished by _______

A

Exocytosis

102
Q

What does the released neurotransmitter bind with

A

-specific protein receptors
On the subsynaptic membrane

103
Q

Subsynaptic membrane

A

The postsynaptic membrane, directly below the synaptic knob

104
Q

After the neurotransmitter bins with the subsynaptic membrane, what happens to the ion channels?

A

Triggers them to open
-changing the ion permeability of Postsynaptic neuron

Human Physiology I (10 decks)

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