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Human Physiology I > Cellular Metabolism > Flashcards

Cellular Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum total of all chemical reactions happening in the body
-anabolism and catabolism

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2
Q

Anabolism

A

Uses energy in the form ATP- protein
-biosynthesis
-dehydration (loss of H20)
-building a larger molecule

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3
Q

Catabolism

A

Releases energy in the form of ATP -glucose
-degretitive reactions
-breakdown of complex reactions
-hydrologic reactions
-exergonic

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4
Q

Endergonic

A

Uses energy

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5
Q

Hydrologic reactions

A

Using water to break bonds

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6
Q

Exergonic

A

Releases energy

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7
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine, Tri-phosphate
-the principle form of energy
“Biological money”

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8
Q

Adenosine

A

Base + sugar
(5 carbon atoms)

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9
Q

As energy is used the phosphorous bond is….

A

Broken and used up
-the tri phosphate means there are three phosphorous attachments

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10
Q

Glycolysis creates:

A

2 pyrunic acid
2NADH
2 ATP

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11
Q

Glycolysis uses

A

2 NAD+
Vitamin B
2 ATP

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12
Q

Anaerobic process

A

Doesn’t need oxygen

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13
Q

Glycolysis occurs in

A

The cytoplasm

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14
Q

Kreb cycle takes place in

A

Insider inner mitochondria

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15
Q

What do you add to glucose in the chemical equation of forming ATP

A

Oxygen
(Six molecules)

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16
Q

How much ATP does glycolysis use

A

2 ATP

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17
Q

Energy is released when…

A

A phosphate leaves from the ATP molecule

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18
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Using water to break down a compound

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19
Q

Breaking down of glucose…

A

Glycolysis

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20
Q

Glycolysis is turning glucose into

A

2 pyruvic acids

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21
Q

Lactic acid

A

Makes you feel sore after working out
-muscles use up all oxygen and kick into anaerobic

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22
Q

What cycles are aerobic processes

A

Krebs cycle and protein transport

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23
Q

Krebs cycle function

A

Takes the pyruvate molecule and turns them into 2 ATP

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24
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Greatest source of ATP
-found in inner mitochondria layer

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25
Q

Generally how does the electron transport chain function?

A

-10 NADH, 2FADH2 enter the chain at FMN
- picks up H2 and puts into the inter membrane space
- undergoes proton motive force
-hydrogen enters ATP synthase and undergoes chemeosomosis

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26
Q

Krebs cycle produces

A

2 cycles produce
-6 NADH
-2 FADH2
-2 ATP

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27
Q

Each NADH can produce

A

3 ATP

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28
Q

Each FADH2 can produce

A

2 ATP

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29
Q

How much ATP does each cycle produce

A

Protein transport - 34 ATP
Glycolysis - 2 ATP
Kreb- 2 ATP

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30
Q

How much ATP does the body make in total

A

38 ATP
(Minus 2 ATP for transport, net total is 36 ATP)

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31
Q

Aerobic

A

Needs oxygen
-All three cycles
=36 atp

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32
Q

Anaerobic

A

Doesn’t need oxygen
-only glycolysis
= 2ATP

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33
Q

What’s the problem with anaerobic cycles

A

During the cycle, pyruvate becomes lactic acid
-cannot stay in anaerobic for too long

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34
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Semi permeable layer
-trileminar
-fluid-mosaic model

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35
Q

Four layers of the plasma membrane

A

-Phosolipid molecule
-cholesterol molecule
-protein
-carbohydrate

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36
Q

Phosolipid molecule

A

-made up of 2 heads (dark colour)
Head- alcohol and phosphate + R
Tail- fatty acids

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37
Q

Cholesterol molecule

A

Stabilizes the membrane over a range of temperatures
-prevents fat from crystallizing
-contribute to the fluidity (flexible)

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38
Q

Protein molecule

A

-transmembrane protein
-peripheral protein

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39
Q

Transmembrane protein

A

-plans across entirety (inside and outside)

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40
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Don’t span the entire molecule
-inside or outside

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41
Q

Carbohydrates

A

-cell identity markers
-growth and boundary for cells (embryonic development)
-form markers to guide tissue formation

42
Q

Functions of the cell membrane (6)

A

-act as transport channels and carriers
-docking marker acceptors
-membrane bound enzymes
-receptor cells
-cell adhesion molecules
-glycoprotein molecules

43
Q

Types of channels

A

-uniport
-simport
-antiport

44
Q

Uniport

A

Only carry one at a time
-no ATP used
Example- GLUT

45
Q

GLUT

A

Glucose transporters
-present on all cells

46
Q

Simport

A

Energy conservation, only one direction
-ATP is used
Example- SGLUT

47
Q

SGLUT

A

Sodium glucose transport
-found in stomach and kidney

48
Q

Antiport

A

Opposite direction only
-uses lots of ATP
Example Na/K pump

49
Q

Channels

A

Opening formbed by protein to allow molecules to pass in and out
-water filled

50
Q

Carriers

A

Open to one side at the given time

51
Q

Docking marker

A

Tells a protein where to go
-a label

52
Q

Membrane bound enzymes

A

Metabolic activity

53
Q

Receptor cells

A

Receives (a hormone) on a receptor cell (as in insulin, vitamin)

54
Q

Cell adhesion molecules

A

Joins cells together
-integrins
-cadherins

55
Q

Integrins

A

Join inside cell to outside
-bring in cells
-organs

56
Q

Cadherins

A

Join cells together in a desmosome way - ZIP
-stretch

57
Q

Glycoprotein molecule

A

Identify the cell
-all of them are unique

58
Q

Extracellular matrix/ ECM

A

-made up of insoluable proteins
-cell to cell adhesions
-collagen, elastin, fibronectin

59
Q

Collagen

A

Provides strength so that tissues don’t break apart
-thick and cable like
-made by vitamin C
-scurvy is lack/improper collagen

60
Q

Scurvy

A

Improper formation of collagen and vitamin C deficiency
-leads to rupture and skin, gums and vessels

61
Q

Elastin

A

Stretch and recoil
-found in tissues/structure like the lungs

62
Q

Fibronectin

A

Holds cells into position
-cancer cells do not form fibronectin, and instead they float away - metastasized

63
Q

The three junctions

A

-desmosomes
-tight junctions
-gap junctions

64
Q

Desmosomes

A

Strongest junction, capable of stretching but not breaking apart
-anchoring junctions
-zipper like
Example- uterine tissue, heart, skin

65
Q

Gap junctions

A

A passage for small molecules and ions, allows for communicating
-contains connexon
Example- liver, pancreas, ovaries, thyroid

66
Q

Tight junctions

A

No passage between cells
-have to go thru cells not imbetween
-proteins bind at “kiss sites”
Two types: occludence or claudins

67
Q

Occludence is found in

A

Kidneys and intestine

68
Q

Claudins

A

Blood brain barrier

69
Q

The membrane transport

A

Semipermeable
- depending on size and solubility

70
Q

Membrane transport is two subdivisions

A

-non assisted (no energy)
-assisted (energy)

71
Q

Non assisted membrane transport into three categories

A

-osmosis
-diffusion
-facilitated diffusion

72
Q

Osmosis

A

Concentration gradient in which water moves from an area of high water concentration to lower conc, through a semi-permeable membrane
-net diffusion of water

73
Q

Diffusion

A

High conc to low conc
-net movement of ions to particle
-reaching equilibrium

74
Q

Isotonic

A

A solution having osmolarity equal to that of it’s body fluids
-important in the brain

75
Q

Hypotonic

A

Less dilute than normal
-osmolarity less than body fluids

76
Q

Hypertonic

A

Osmolarity greater than the rest of the body
-more dilute

77
Q

Flicks law diffusion

A

> Surface area membrane
-Larger= more diffusion
-Smaller= less diffusion
Membrane permeability
concentration gradient

78
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

-higher conc to lower conc
-requires a carrier due to large, insoluble molecule
Example- GLUT transport

79
Q

Membrane permeability

A

Larger molecule= lower diffusion
Smaller= larger diffusion

80
Q

Active transport

A

-uses ATP
-low to high
-disequillibrium
-requires carrier
-primary or secondary

81
Q

Primary

A

-directly
Example sodium potassium pump

82
Q

Secondary

A

-already broken
-uses potential energy
Example- SGLUT

83
Q

Assisted two subcategories

A

-active transport
-vesicular transport

84
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Anything in a vesicle
-exocytosis
-endocytosis

85
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process of packaging, docking and releasing on the outside of the cell
Example- golgi complex

86
Q

Golgi complex and exocytosis

A
  1. Recognition marker and sorting
  2. Coat protein, coat protein acceptor
  3. V-SNARE (where its coming from)
  4. T-SNARE (going too)
  5. Packing, docking and release
87
Q

Endocytosis

A

Product brought into cell stays in cell

88
Q

Three types of endocytosis

A

-pinocytosis
-receptor mediated endocytosis
-phagocytosis

89
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Small quantities of ECF containing solute and water molecules into the cell
-dynamin protein brings in

90
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Uses receptors to attach to target moles to bring into cell
Example- iron

91
Q

What’s the problem with receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Virus’s can trick the receptors into letting them in
-COVID or HIV

92
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The immune system process of consuming and destruction of ‘bad things’
-WBC consume
-lysosome breaks down

93
Q

Autocrine

A

-chemical signal secreted by cell
-self exciting signal
-acts on same cell
Example: histamine (inflammation)

94
Q

Paracrine

A

Secretes signal to neighbouring cells
Example- histamine

95
Q

Neurocrine

A

Signals secreted by nerves

96
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Transmit the neuron signal directly
Example: ACH into muscle to contract

97
Q

Neuromodulator

A

Super quick, neuropeptides
-acts for a long time
Example: choleysytokinin reaches brain/eating cetner

98
Q

Neurohormones

A

Hormones secreted by nerves into bloodstream

99
Q

Hormones

A

Secreted by cells into bloodstream to find target cell
Example: insulin and estrogen

100
Q

Lipid solvable

A

Lipophilic

101
Q

Water soluble

A

Hydrophilic

102
Q

Cytokines

A

Cell intercellular transduction
-immune response, inflammation/stress
Example: fever by interleukin-1 or throwing up

Human Physiology I (10 decks)

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