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human physiology i > Chap 4 > Flashcards

Chap 4 Flashcards

1
Q

20 days after conception

A

-neural plate
-neural crest

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2
Q

Neural plate

A

-contains a lumen
-the CNS

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3
Q

Neural crest

A

Begins to curl together to form the PNS
-lays on top of the neural plate

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4
Q

28 days after conception

A

-forebrain
-midbrain
-hindbrain

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5
Q

Hindbrain

A

The spinal cord

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6
Q

42 days after conception

A

-cerebrum and diencephalon
-midbrain
-cerebellum, pons and medulla

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7
Q

Central nervous system is made up of

A

-spinal cord
-brain

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8
Q

spinal cord is made up of

A

31 pairs

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9
Q

Brain is made up of

A

-forebrain
-cerebellum
-brain stem

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10
Q

Forebrain is made up of

A

-cerebrum
-diencephalon

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11
Q

cerebrum is made up of

A

-Cerebral cortex
-basal nuclei

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12
Q

Diencephalon is made up of

A

-thalamus
-hypothalamus

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13
Q

Cerebellum made up of three parts

A

-spinocerebellum
-cerebrocerebellum
-vestibulocerebellum

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14
Q

Brain stem is made up of

A

-midbrain
-pons
-medulla

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15
Q

Three types of neurons

A

-afferent
-interneuron
-efferent

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16
Q

What neuron brings information into the CNS

A

Afferent

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17
Q

what neuron is present completely in the CNS

A

Interneuron

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18
Q

what neuron takes info from the CNS out

A

Efferent

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19
Q

Afferent

A

-advancing to the CNS
-sensory receptor

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20
Q

Anatomy of an afferent neuron

A

-receptor
-peripheral axon
-central axon (part that enters the CNS)

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21
Q

Interneurons

A

-very common and complex
-completely in the CNS
-learning and emotions

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22
Q

Efferent

A

Takes messages from CNS to the target

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23
Q

Neuroglial

A

The glue that holds neurons together
-support neurons physically and metabolically

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24
Q

Types of neuroglial in the PNS

A

-satellite cells
-Schwann cells

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25
Q

Satellite cells

A

Form a shield around cell body, providing health
-part of the PNS

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26
Q

Schwann cells

A

Form the myelin
-neutrophic growth factors
-found in PNS

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27
Q

Oligiodendrocytes

A

Insulating myelin sheath in the CNS
-nodes of ranvier

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28
Q

Astrocytes

A

Paracrine signals to form tight junctions
-blood brain barrier
-enhancing synaptic activities
-physically support
-found in CNS

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29
Q

Microglial

A

Silent when inactivated
-brain immune cell that scavenges what you don’t need in the brain

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30
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Secretes the cerebral spinal fluid
-act as stem cells
-found in CNS

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31
Q

Protection of the CNS

A

-cranium
-3 meningines
-cerebral spinal fluid

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32
Q

Cranium

A

Hard bony structure, surrounds the brain

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33
Q

The three meningines

A

-dura mater
-arachnoid mater
-pia mater

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34
Q

Dura mater

A

Tough outer layer
-venous system, transfers out used blood

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35
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Network of projecting
-subarachnoid space
-villi that brings used materials into the venous system

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36
Q

Pia mater

A

Innermost layer
-attached to brain tissue
-contains arterial system

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37
Q

Meningitis

A

Infection and inflammation of the three layers
-caused by bacteria

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38
Q

Meningocarpal meningitis

A

Most fatal of meningitis disease

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39
Q

CSF

A

Special cushioning fluid
-very salty
-shock absorber
-relives the weight of the brain
-made three times a day only 150mL each time

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40
Q

Why does CSF have high sodium

A

For quick and efficient communication

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41
Q

Chloroid plexus

A

Formed by epdymal cells
-produces CSF
-found in 3rd/4th ventricle

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42
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Tight junction that is selectively permeable
-produced by astrocytes

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43
Q

What does it mean that the BBB is selectively permeable

A

-needs carriers for specific communications

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44
Q

Where is the BBB abscent

A

-brain stem vomiting center
-hypothalamus (ns and endocrine)

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45
Q

Parkinson’s

A

Deficiency of dopamine production
-movement disorder

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46
Q

Treatment for Parkinson’s

A

Leva dopa
-crosses BBB then turns into dopamine

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47
Q

Leva dopa

A

Precursor to dopamine

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48
Q

Cerebrum

A

Convoluted, highly developed, largest, most distinctive
-contains two cortexes

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49
Q

The cerebrum has __ layers of grey mater

A

Six

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50
Q

What does grey mater do in the cerebrum

A

Neuron communication
-found in cerebral cortex

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51
Q

The cerebrum has __ layers of white mater

A

1

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52
Q

What does white mater do in the cerebrum

A

Contains all myelinated axons
-found in basal ganglia

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53
Q

Carpus callosum

A

Neural bridge and communication between both sides
-found in cerebrum

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54
Q

Gyrus and sulcus

A

Gyrus: peak of swoop
Sulcus: bottom of swoop

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55
Q

Four lobes of cerebrum

A

-occiputal
-temporal
-parietal
-frontal

56
Q

Occiputal lobe

A

Visual images are conveyed

57
Q

Temporal lobe

A

All sound inputs

58
Q

Parietal lobe

A

-Receives and inputs all sensory
-central sulcus (division)
(Both of these work together like when u get stabbed by a needle and react)

59
Q

Frontal lobe

A

-voluntary activity
-speech
-thought

60
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Motor humunculus (upsidownlittle man)
-controls fingers, thumbs, lips, jaw

61
Q

Sensory cortex

A

Temperature, pressure, touch
-propioception

62
Q

Propioception

A

Awareness of my position in time and space

63
Q

Left hemisphere

A

-logical, analytical, sequential
-language skills, math

64
Q

Right hemisphere

A

-specially skilled, artist and creator
-musical, holistic thinking

65
Q

Speech in the cerebrum

A

-wernickes area
-brocas area

66
Q

Wernickes area

A

Language comprehension

67
Q

Receptive aphasia

A

Language disorder where there is no meaning to words
-usually caused by stroke
Wernickes

68
Q

Broca’s area

A

Output zone, that forms patterns of word

69
Q

Expressive aphasia

A

Understand words but cannot speak back
-No syntax

70
Q

Wernickes area and Broca’s area are found in….

A

The cerebrum

71
Q

Silent areas

A

Have a variety of functions, coordinate behaviour and functions
-prefrontal
-parietal temporal occiputal
-limbic

72
Q

Prefrontal

A

In front of the frontal lobe
-decision making
-creativity and personality

73
Q

Parietal-temporal-occiputal

A

Complete picture of body with the external world

74
Q

Limbic

A

Inner/bottom surface
-motivation, learning and memory

75
Q

Supplementary motor area

A

Programs complex motor movements
-using hands AND feet
-various regions at once

76
Q

Premotor area

A

Orientating body and arms toward a specific target

77
Q

Posterior parietal cortex

A

Somatic sensory and visual input
-important for complex movements

78
Q

Posterior parietal cortex works together with

A

The premotor area

79
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

In touch with outside world
-touch sensory (what body part touched) (what did u touch)

80
Q

Basal nuclei

A

-suppresses unnecessary movements and increases beneficial movements
-inhibit muscle tone

81
Q

Inhibit muscle tone means

A

There is a constant state of contraction
-posture and vertebral support
-not having tremers

82
Q

Basal nuclei Parkinson’s disease

A

Loss of encouraging what you want, discouraging what you don’t want
-symptoms: resting tremors, shuffling walk, reptile stare and rigitity

83
Q

Huntingtons disease

A

-recessive genetic disorder
-very quickly breaks down the nuclei basal
Symptoms: twitching, eventually loss of cognitive functional, bed bound
-fatal

84
Q

Diencephalon

A

Contains two structures (thalamus and hypothalamus)
-midline
-under the corpus callosum

85
Q

Thalamus

A

-relay station
-a lot of motor function
-sensory stimuli, EXCEPT smell, is being processed
-awareness of functions but not location

86
Q

An example of the thalamus functioning

A

A parent waking up because of a baby crying

87
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Collection of nuclei, under the thalamus
-connects nervous system to endocrine system
-homeostasis and negative feedback
-survival and reproduction of species
-autonomic ns
-satiety center

88
Q

_____ goes to thalamus which goes to ____ which goes back to first ______

A
  1. Higher cortex motor
  2. Basal nuclei
89
Q

Example of the hypothalamus negative feedback loop

A

-temperature

90
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

-oxytocin and positive feedback
-vasopressin
-blood pressure (indirect)

91
Q

Vasopressin

A

Antidurhetic
-deals with osmotic levels

92
Q

Oxytocin

A

-aids in childbirth, amplifying contractions
-releases colostrum from breasts

93
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

-reproduction/secretion of male and female hormones
-growth hormone
-prolactin

94
Q

Growth hormone

A

-metabolism
Direct to the thyroid

95
Q

prolactin

A

Milk production
-mammary gland development

96
Q

Pineal gland

A

-circadian rhythm
-melatonin

97
Q

Melatonin

A

Biological clock, sleeping hormone
Example- jet lag

98
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Fight or flight

99
Q

satiety center

A

Hunger and satisfaction

100
Q

Cerebellum

A

Second brain
-found at base at neck

101
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

Fine voluntary movements
-corrects faulty movement
-corrects smooth directed movement (precise)
-enhance muscle tone

102
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A

AIDS in the planning and initiation
-stores previous movement (muscle memory)

103
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A

-equilibrium and balance
-connection to ear
-controls eye movement

104
Q

Brain stem

A

Life saving processes
-respiration, circulation and digestion
-houses cranial nerves
-reticular activation system

105
Q

Midbrain

A

Hidden in middle
-eye reflexes and movement
-auditory reflexes

106
Q

Pons

A

Bulbous
-controls breathing

107
Q

Medulla

A

-blood pressure and in term heart rate
-vomiting center
-swallowing
-respiration

108
Q

Limbic system

A

Primitive site of emotions
-anger, motivation, sex
-worm like structure in the inner center of the brain

109
Q

Parts of the limbic system (9)

A

-cingulate gyrus
-fornix
-hippocampus
-amygdala

-frontal/temporal lobe
-hypothalamus/thalamus
-olfactory bulb

110
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

Gestures

111
Q

Fornix

A

Doesn’t really have an attribute
-but if removed affects recal memory

112
Q

Hippocampus

A

Everyday memories
-site of neuron production

113
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

Loss of hippocampus function

114
Q

Amygdala

A

Site of primitive emotions
-primarily fear
-affects sympathetic nervous system

115
Q

Examples of active amygdala

A

-butterflies in stomach
-alcoholism or coping
-goosebumps

116
Q

How many nerves in spinal cord

A

31 pairs of nerves

117
Q

How many cervical nerves, and where are they found

A

8
-neck

118
Q

How many thoracic nerves and where are they found

A

12
-chest

119
Q

How many lumbar nerves and where are they found

A

5
-abdominal

120
Q

How may lumbar nerves are there and where are they found

A

5
-pelvic

121
Q

How many coccygeal nerves and where are they found

A

1
-tailbone

122
Q

Dermatones

A

Mapped spinal nerves
-except C1

123
Q

Cauda equina

A

Tail end of spinal cord
“Horsestail”

124
Q

Why is the Cauda equina relevant to nursing and healthcare

A

Retrieval of CSF sample
-for meningitis or epidural during childbirth

125
Q

White matter contains

A

Ascending and descending tracts

126
Q

What three areas exist in grey matter

A

Dorsal horn, lateral horn, ventral horn

127
Q

What is the dorsal horn

A

Afferent neurons
-form ganglia just outside (dorsal root ganglion)

128
Q

Lateral horn

A

Efferent nerve that is autonomic
-can hide pathogens such as herpes

129
Q

Ventral horn

A

Efferent neurons that are somatic
-hide pathogens

130
Q

Reflexes

A

Are responses that occur automatically without conscious effort

131
Q

Simple and basic reflexes definition

A

Reflexes that you are born with
-usually go away after awhile

132
Q

Four examples of basic reflexes

A

-Babies suckling reflex
-babinski
-startling response
-landau

133
Q

Babinski

A

Positive: toes raise/food is flattened
Negative: toes curl/food arches

134
Q

Landau

A

Holding the baby away from body, causes babies to try to get closer

135
Q

Acquired and conditioned responses

A

Reflexes you need to learn
-uses reflexes arch

136
Q

Examples of conditioned reflex responses

A

Toilet training

137
Q

Where do the reflex archs end up

A

End up in the spinal cord to respond quicker

human physiology i (10 decks)

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