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human physiology i > Chapter Four (anatomy) > Flashcards

Chapter Four (anatomy) Flashcards

1
Q

Four major tissues

A

-epithelial
-connective
-muscular
-nervous

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2
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

-covers body surfaces
-lines of hollow organs, body cavities and ducts
-avascular
-innervation
-highly regenerative
-forms glands

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3
Q

Connective tissue

A

-protects and supports the body and its organs
-bind organs together
-it stores energy as fat
-provides immunity

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4
Q

General characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

-cellular and polar
-attached to a basement membrane
-avascular
-high regeneration capacity
-innervation

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5
Q

General characteristics of connective tissue

A

-all contain cells, protein fibres and ground substance

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6
Q

Primary germ layer of epithelial

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm or endoderm

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7
Q

Primary germ layer of connective tissues

A

Mesoderm

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8
Q

Muscular tissue

A

-produces force for movement
-generates body heat

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9
Q

Nervous tissue

A

-detects changes in a variety of conditions
-responds, intimates and transmits nerves/impulses
-muscle contraction and glandular secretion

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10
Q

Cellularity and polarity in epithelial tissue

A

Cellularity- made of cells bound by intercellular junctions, with little/no extracellular matrix

Polarity- apical surface, lateral surface and basal surface

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11
Q

Avascularity in epithelial tissue

A

Lacking blood vessels
-receive nutrients by diffusion from underlying tissues

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12
Q

Innervation in epithelial tissue

A

The epithelia are richly innervation to detect changes in environment

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13
Q

High regeneration capacity of epithelial tissue

A

Exposed apical surface is frequently damaged (and used for protection)
-epithelial cells are quickly replaced

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14
Q

epithelial tissue defends against…

A

Defends against
-dehydration
-abrasion
-physical, chemical and biological agents

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15
Q

Selective permeability of epithelial tissue

A

Regulates the passage of molecules in or out of certain regions of the body

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16
Q

Secretions

A

Exocrine glands
-secrete substances for use in the body or elimination from the body

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17
Q

Sensation

A

Possess nerve ending that can detect light, taste, sound, smell, hearing temperature and pain

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18
Q

Epithelium in integument

A

Protection

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19
Q

Epithelium in kidney tubules

A

Filtration

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20
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Secretion

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21
Q

Epithelium in lungs

A

Diffusion of gases

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22
Q

Epithelium in digestive organs

A

Absorption and excretion

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23
Q

Epithelium in tongue and nose

A

Chemoreception

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24
Q

Cilia

A

Assist in movement of certain substances across the epithelium
-ovum from ovary to the fallopian tube

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25
Q

Goblet cells

A

Modified columnar epithelial cells that secret mucous to lubricate the lining of visceral organs

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26
Q

Microvilli

A

Increases the surface area of plasma membrane
-finger like cytoplasmic projection
Example: intestine

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27
Q

Epithelial tissue intercellular junctions

A

Strong bond by the lateral surfaces
-membrane specializations

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28
Q

Tight junctions in the epithelial tissue

A

Prevents mixing and leaking
-gatekeeper between internal/external
-internally bound, apical surface attachment
-ensures molecules go THROUGH epithelial cells rather than in BETWEEN
Example: stomach wall, urinary bladder

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29
Q

Desmosomes junctions in epithelial cells

A

Provide support and stability
-protein plaque form to act like a button/snap
-substances move very fast (ATP through body)
-found in places meant to stretch
Example: heart

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30
Q

Gap junctions in the epithelium

A

fluid filled gap that allows movement
-contains a connexon
-allows adjacent cells to communicate by flow of ions

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31
Q

Simple epithelium

A

One layer of cells all in direct contact with basement membrane

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32
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

One layer of flattened cells
-rapid diffusion, filtrations, some secretions

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33
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

One layer of cells about as tall as wide

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34
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

One layer of tall, narrow cells
-goblet cells may be present
-recreation of mucin
-movement of mucus

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35
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

One layer of tall cells that appears stratified
-varying heights, multilayered
-ciliated version has both cilia and goblet cells, nonciliated does not have either

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36
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Two or more layers of cells
-only deepest cell layer in direct contact with basement membrane

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37
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Multiple layers
-upper layers of flattened cells

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38
Q

Keratinized

A

Superficial cells are dead

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39
Q

Nonkeratinized

A

Superficial cells are living

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40
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Two or more layers
-cells about as tall as wide
-larger ducts, sweat glands
-mainly protective

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41
Q

Stratified columnar

A

Two or more layers of tall, narrow cells
-rare in the body
-male urethra, salivary glands

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42
Q

Transition stratified epithelium

A

Multiple layers of cells that changed shape when stretched

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43
Q

In-utero

A

Inner layer of membrane around the embryo
-simple squamous epithelium

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44
Q

Alveoli

A

Air sacs in lungs
-simple squamous epithelium

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45
Q

Endothelium

A

Lining of heart chambers and lumen of blood vessels
-lymphatic vessel lining
-simple squamous epithelium

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46
Q

What type of epithelium tissue is in the fallopian tube

A

The ciliated simple columnar epithelium
-lines the uterine tubes

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47
Q

What type of epithelium tissue is in the larger bronchioles of respiratory tract

A

Ciliated simple columnar

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48
Q

Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found in

A

Most of the respiratory tract
-nasal cavity, parhynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi

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49
Q

Nonciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found in

A

Lines the epididymus and part of the male urethra

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50
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

-single layer of cells, varying heights
-serve as protection

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51
Q

Function of “ciliacted”

A

-protection and secretion (mucus)

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52
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

-multiple layers of cells
-functions as protection
-found in epidermis of skin

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53
Q

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

-multiple layers of cells
-protection
-found in lining of vagina, oral cavity

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54
Q

Basal cells

A

Cubodial

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55
Q

Apical

A

Squamous

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56
Q

Stratified cubodial epithelium

A

-two or more layers
-acacias cells are cuboidal
-protection and secretion
-found in large ducts in exocrine glands, male urethra

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57
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

-two or more layers of cell
-apical surface is columnar
-protection and secretion
-found in some regions of urethra and exocrine glands

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58
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

-appearance varies, depending on stretched or relaxed state
-can change sizes, stretch out
-accommodates urine content for the bladder

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59
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Into the Bloodstream
-secretes hormones

60
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Into the skin surface
-contains a lumen

61
Q

Merocrine gland

A

Secrete products from secretory vesicles
-exocrine
Example-salivary gland, pancreatic exocrine

62
Q

Holocrine

A

Cell accumulates product then disintegrates
Exocrine
Example- sebaceous gland

63
Q

Apocrine

A

Product stored in the apical part of a cell that pinches off
Exocrine
-mammary and some sweat glands

64
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

-physical protection (fat and bones)
-support/framework
-storage
-binding
-transport
-immune

65
Q

Ligaments connect

A

Bones

66
Q

Adipose stores

A

Fat

67
Q

Three different protein fibres

A

-elastic
-collagen
-reticular

68
Q

Collagen fiber

A

-long, strong and unbranched
-most abundant

69
Q

Elastic fibres

A

-thinner, stretches easily
-allows structures to stretch and recoil
-blood vessels

70
Q

reticular fibres

A

-thinner
-form a branching, woven framework
-stromatolites of organs

71
Q

Fibroblasts

A

-produce fibres and ground substance of extra cellular matrix

72
Q

Adipocytes

A

Fat cells with a single large lipid
-store lipid reserves

73
Q

Fixed macrophages

A

Phagocytize foreign material

74
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Spindle shaped embryonic stem cells
-divide in response to injury to produce new connective tissue

75
Q

Resident cells

A

Maintain and repair extracellular matrix
-store materials

76
Q

Wandering cells

A

Repair damage extracellular matrix
-active immune response

77
Q

Mast cells

A

Release histamine and heparin to stimulate local inflammation

78
Q

Plasma cells

A

Form antibodies that bind to foreign substances, bacterial viruses

79
Q

Free macrophages

A

Phagocytize foreign materials

80
Q

Other leukocytes

A

Attack foreign materials, or directly combat bacteria

81
Q

Connective tissue proper (2 subcategories)

A

-loose connective tissue
-dense connective tissue

82
Q

Loose connective tissue (3 types)

A

-areolar
-adipose
-reticular

83
Q

Dense connective tissue (3 types)

A

-regular
-irregular
-elastic

84
Q

Supporting connective tissue (2 types)

A

-cartilage
-bone

85
Q

Cartilage (3 types)

A

-hyaline
-fibrocartilage
-elastic

86
Q

Bone (2 types)

A

-compact
-spongy

87
Q

Fluid connective tissue (2 types)

A

-blood
-lymph

88
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

-fewer cells and fibres
-loosely arranged
Semi solid

89
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A

Packs around and binds organs
-Lesser amounts of collagen and elastic fibres
-viscous ground substance

90
Q

Example of areolar connective tissue

A

Surrounds nerves and vessels

91
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A

Protects, stores fat, insulates
-Adipocytes

92
Q

Adipose connective tissue examples

A

Surrounding kidney and selected other organs

93
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A

Forms stroma of lymphatic organs
-mesh work of reticular fibres

94
Q

Reticular connective tissue example

A

Stroma of
-spleen
-liver
-lymph nodes
-bone marrow

95
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

-higher proportion of fibres to ground substanc3e
-protein fibres densely packed together

96
Q

Difference between loose and dense connective tissue?

A

Dense - more fibres and densely packed protein fibres
Loose - fewer fibres and loosely arranged

97
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Provides great strength and flexibility, in ONE single direction
-densely packed collagen fibres, parallel to direction of stress

98
Q

Dense regular connective tissue examples

A

Tendons and ligaments

99
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Provides strength in all directions
-densely packed collagen fibres, interwoven
-fibres irregularly clumped together, project in all directions

100
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue example

A

Dermis of skin
-capsules of organs

101
Q

elastic connective tissue

A

Provides framework and supports organs, while allowing stretching of some organs
-elastic and collagen fibres are arranged irregularly

102
Q

Elastic connective tissue example

A

Trachea, bronchial tubes, true vocal chords, ligaments of penis

103
Q

Areolar loose connective tissue

A

Loosely binds epithelia to deeper tissues
-protection
-gel-like

104
Q

Areolar connective tissue example

A

Papillary layer of dermis, surrounds organs

105
Q

Adipose loose connective tissue

A

Major source of fat/energy storage
-closely packed fat cells

106
Q

Hypertension increases the amount of what connective tissue?

A

Adipose loose connective tissue

107
Q

Tendons connect to

A

Bone

108
Q

Dense means less

A

Ground substance

109
Q

Cartilage are made up of what cell

A

Chondrocytes

110
Q

Collagen fibres (cartilage)

A

Provide tensile strength and resilience

111
Q

Is cartilage avascular or vascular?

A

Avascular
-heals slowly

112
Q

Three types of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

113
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Promotes movement at joints and bone growth
-chondrocytes in lacunae
-most common, but weakest
-has perichondrium

114
Q

Hyaline cartilage examples

A

Fetal skeleton
Nose
Costal cartilage

115
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Resists compression, and absorbs shock
-parallel collagen fibres in matrix
-lacuna house Chondrocytes
-no perichondrium

116
Q

Fibrocartilage examples

A

Pubis symphysis
Intervertebral disc
Lateral meniscus

117
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Maintains structure, while undergoing extensive flexibility
-abundant elastic fibres
-fibres form weblike mesh around lacunae
-perichondrium present

118
Q

Bone

A

-calcified extracellular matrix organized in osteons
-protects organs
-provides levers for movement
-stores calcium

119
Q

Compact bone

A

Calcified matrix arranged in osteons

120
Q

Spongy bone

A

Lacks the organization of compact bone
-macroscopic spaces
-mesh work pattern
-site of hematopoiesis

121
Q

Skeletal muscular tissue

A

-long cylindrical, striated fibres
-moves the body voluntarily
-attached to bone and skin

122
Q

Cardiac muscular tissue

A

-short cell
-involuntary

123
Q

Smooth muscular tissue

A

-one centrally located nucleus
-short, nonstraited, involuntary
Hollow organs: stomach, airway

124
Q

Neuron nervous tissue

A

-generates action potential
-communication
-electrical activity

125
Q

Glial cells

A

-support and protect neurons
-provides nutrients

126
Q

Junction of skeletal muscle

A

Attaches to bone or skin

127
Q

Junction of cardiac muscle

A

Desmosomes or gap

128
Q

Locations of SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

A

Lining of the digestive tract

129
Q

Locations of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

A

Epidermis of the skin

130
Q

Locations of TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

A

Lining of the urinary bladder

131
Q

Locations of ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

Fat

132
Q

Locations of DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

Ligaments and tendons

133
Q

Location of DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

Dermis of the skin

134
Q

Location of HYALINE CARTILAGE

A

Articulate cartilage in some joints

135
Q

Location of FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

Blood and lymph

136
Q

Location of SKELETAL MUSCLES

A

Muscles attached to bones

137
Q

location of CARDIAC MUSCLE

A

Muscle layer in heart

138
Q

location of SMOOTH MUSCLE

A

Muscle layer in digestive tract

139
Q

Location of NEURONS

A

Brain, spinal cord and nerves

140
Q

Location of GLIAL CELLS

A

Brain, spinal cord and nerves

141
Q

Basement membrane

A

Between the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue
-Thin extracellular layer
-provides physical support
-anchors to connective tissue
-act as barrier

142
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Covered with thin layer of mucus

143
Q

Serous membrane

A

Produce serous fluid

144
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Synovial fluid into join cavities

145
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Like skin, protects the body from water loss and harm to internal organs

146
Q

Serous membrane is composed of

A

Mesothelium and underlying layer of connective tissue

human physiology i (10 decks)

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