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Nutrition 2 (Semester II) > 13a. Respiratory Health - Asthma > Flashcards

13a. Respiratory Health - Asthma Flashcards

1
Q

What is asthma?

A

Chronic respiratory disorder characterised by variable airway obstruction
Hyper-responsiveness to stimulii

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2
Q

What biomechanical reasons cause narrowing of the arteries in asthma?

A

Bronchial smooth muscle spasm
Swelling of bronchial mucosa
Excess mucous secretion

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3
Q

Which group sees higher incidences of asthma?

A

Children
Boys in early childhood
Girls by adulthood

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4
Q

Signs/symptoms of asthma

A

Wheezing
Intermittent shortness of breath
Chest tightness
Dry cough

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5
Q

Which immunoglobulin is asthma mediated by?

A

IgE

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6
Q

What triggers an asthma attack?

A

Allergic response to an allergen

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7
Q

What does an allergic response in asthma lead to?

A

Release of inflammatory mediators

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8
Q

Which inflammatory mediators are released in response to an allergen?

A

Histamine
Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins

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9
Q

What do the inflammatory mediators released in response to an allergen cause?

A

Bronchospasm
(leading to asthma attack)

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10
Q

What other mechanisms cause the airways to narrow?

A

Mucus production (by goblet cells)
Increased airway tension
Hyper-responsiveness
Airway remodelling
Lipoxygenase products
Arachidonic acid metabolism imbalance

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11
Q

What is airway remodelling?

A

Enlargement of bronchial smooth muscle cells
Formation of new vessels
Interstitial collagen deposition
(all caused by chronic inflammation)

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12
Q

What are lipoxygenase products?

A

Chemical mediators more potent stimulators of bronchial constriction than histamine

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13
Q

What can lead to an increase of lipoxygenase products?

A

Arachidonic acid metabolism imbalance

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14
Q

Causes/risk factors for asthma

A

Immune tolerance
Hygiene Hypothesis
Antibiotics
Not breastfeeding
Early weaning
Obesity
Preservatives/food colourings
Vit D def
Mg def
Drugs
Female sex hormone fluctuations

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15
Q

Why is immune tolerance a risk factor for asthma?

A

Excessive Th2 encourages IgE release
Heightened Th2 during pregnancy predisposes infant to allergies

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16
Q

Why are antibiotics a risk factor for asthma?

A

Leads to gut dysbiosis which disrupts immune system
Increases development of atopic/inflammatory diseases
Heightened Th2 response via antigen stimulation of antibody pathway

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17
Q

Why does not breastfeeding increase the risk of asthma?

A

Breastfeeding is protective
Supports immune development
Optimises gut microbiome

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18
Q

What does breast milk contain that reduces the risk of asthma?

A

Microbiota
GOS
Immune factors
Macro and micronutrients
Hormones/growth factors
Colostrum

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19
Q

Through what mechanisms does breast milk more protective against asthma?

A

Gut microbiome
Epigenetics
Metabolism
Lung function
Immunity

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20
Q

Why is early weaning a risk factor for asthma?

A

Longer breastfeeding shown to result in lower risk of wheeze
Has a protective effect

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21
Q

What are the factors within obesity that are a risk factor for asthma?

A

Lung function
Diet
Microbiome changes
Systemic inflammation

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22
Q

Why does obesity affect lung function?

A

Reduced expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Reduced functional residual capacity (FRC)

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23
Q

Why does diet causing obesity affect asthma?

A

Increase sat fat/sugar
High O6:3 ratio
Low fibre/AO

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24
Q

Why do microbiome changes from obesity affect asthma?

A

Low Bacteroides - major SCFA producer
Alterations in SCFAs increase allergic airway disease

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25
Q

How does systemic inflammation from obesity affect asthma?

A

Increased cytokines released from adipose tissue contribute to airway hyper-responsiveness and remodelling

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26
Q

Which preservatives may induce asthma in children?

A

Benzoates
Sulphur dioxide
Sulphites

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27
Q

Which food colourings may trigger an asthma attack?

A

Azo dyes
(tartrazine)

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28
Q

Which drugs can induce an asthma attack?

A

Aspirin
NSAIDs

29
Q

Why can raised oestrogen be a risk factor/cause of asthma?

A

Oestrogen favours Th2

30
Q

What is peri menstrual asthma?

A

Cyclical worsening of asthma during the luteal phase and/or first few days of menstruation
(related to higher oestrogen at these points)

31
Q

How is HRT linked to asthma?

A

Increased risk of severe exacerbations in asthmatic women vs non-use
Greater risk seen in those with previous rather than current use

32
Q

How is asthma diagnosed?

A

Medical history
Physical exam
Lung function tests

33
Q

What are the two types of asthma?

A

Extrinsic
Intrinsic

34
Q

What is extrinsic asthma?

A

Allergic asthma
Involves an IgE mediated response

35
Q

What are the common triggers of extrinsic asthma?

A

Pollen
Mould
Dust mites
Pet dander

36
Q

What is intrinsic asthma?

A

Non-allergic
Bronchial reaction

37
Q

Which gender is more susceptible to intrinsic asthma?

A

Females

38
Q

What are the common triggers for intrinsic asthma?

A

Cold temperatures
Humidity
Stress
Exercise
Pollution
Smoke

39
Q

Examples of naturopathic investigations for asthma

A

Dietary/lifestyle evaluation
IgG/IgE food profile
IgG/IgE inhalant allergy profile
Food/chemical intolerance test
GI profile

40
Q

Naturopathic approach to asthma

A

CNM Naturopathic Diet
Eliminate/reduce common allergic foods
Hydration
Reduce salt
Reduce stress/anxiety
Increase AO
Increase Se
Increase vit E
Quercetin
Support SIgA levels
Optimise digestive function

41
Q

Which foods should be eliminated/reduced to support asthma?

A

Cow’s milk
Eggs
Chocolate
Rice
Soy
Apple
Salicylates
Sulphites - alcohol, dried fruit
MSG
Cold drinks
Gas producing foods
Sugar
Dairy
Wheat
Additives/preservatives
Red meat

42
Q

Why is hydration important in supporting asthma?

A

Dehydration may trigger exercise induced asthma

43
Q

Why is reducing salt intake good for supporting asthma?

A

Excess salt increases bronchial reactivity

44
Q

Why are AOs important in supporting asthma?

A

Inhibit histamine/leukotriene release
Increase epithelial lung integrity
Protect lung against free radicals/oxidising agents

45
Q

Why is Se important in supporting asthma?

A

Often low in asthmatics
Co-factor for glutathione peroxidase

46
Q

Why is vit E important in supporting asthma?

A

AO
Improves lung function
Optimises Th1/suppresses Th2

47
Q

Why is quercetin beneficial in supporting asthma?

A

Decreases airway inflammation

48
Q

Dosage of quercetin in supporting asthma

A

3g/day

49
Q

Why is it important to boost SIgA levels when supporting asthma?

A

Immune tolerance
Reduced food reactions

50
Q

Nutrition to boost SIgA levels

A

Probiotics
S. boulardii
A, D
Zn

51
Q

How can digestive function be improved to support asthma?

A

Support HCl
Optimise protein digestion
Increase dietary fibre

52
Q

Why is dietary fibre important in supporting asthma?

A

Improvements in lung function
Anti-inflammatory
Increase in SCFAs - improved immune response

53
Q

Nutrients to support asthma

A

B complex
C, D
Mg
Zn
Probiotics
Fish oils
CoQ10
Boswellia
Ginger
Turmeric

54
Q

Why is a B complex beneficial in supporting asthma?

A

B3 decreases histamine release
B5 reduces secretion of cortisol
B6 reduces frequency/severity of attacks
B12 reduces inflammatory reactions

55
Q

Why is vit C beneficial in supporting asthma?

A

AO
Anti-histamine
Impedes PG2 - reducing inflammation

56
Q

Why is vit D beneficial in supporting asthma?

A

Modulates genes for asthma
Inhibit eosinophils

57
Q

Why is Mg beneficial in supporting asthma?

A

Reduces bronchial reactivity
Relaxes bronchial airways
(reduces Ca uptake)

58
Q

Why is Zn beneficial in supporting asthma?

A

Improves immunity
Optimises Th1/Th2 balance

59
Q

Why are probiotics beneficial in supporting asthma?

A

Balance Th1/Th2 immunity

60
Q

Why are fish oils beneficial in supporting asthma?

A

Anti-inflammatory
Improves symptoms

61
Q

Why is CoQ10 beneficial in supporting asthma?

A

AO
Reduces oxidative stress

62
Q

Dosage of CoQ10 to support asthma

A

150mg/day

63
Q

Why is boswellia beneficial in supporting asthma?

A

Inhibits leukotriene production
Improve SOB, frequency of attacks

64
Q

Dosage of boswellia to support asthma

A

200-500mg/day

65
Q

Why are ginger and turmeric beneficial in supporting asthma?

A

Inhibits arachidonic acid metabolism

66
Q

Dosage of ginger to support asthma

A

400-800mg/day

67
Q

Dosage of turmeric to support asthma

A

500-2000mg/day

68
Q

Lifestyle recommendations to support asthma

A

Avoid environmental triggers
Buteyko breathing
Posture
Essential oils

69
Q

Which essential oil is beneficial for asthma?

A

Lavender
(reduces airway inflammation/alleviate stress)

Nutrition 2 (Semester II) (55 decks)

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