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Nutrition 2 (Semester II) > 19b. Dementia & AZD > Flashcards

19b. Dementia & AZD Flashcards

1
Q

What is dementia?

A

Syndrome of cognitive impairment that affects memory recall, cognitive abilities and behaviour

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2
Q

What is the most common form of dementia?

A

AZD

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3
Q

Dementia risk factors (SPLOSHED)

A

Stress
PPIs
Lifestyle
Obesity
Social isolation
Hypertension
Environmental toxins
Diet

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4
Q

What are the four main types of dementia?

A

Frontotemporal
Vascular
Lewy body
AZD

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5
Q

What is frontotemporal dementia?

A

Atrophy of frontal and temporal lobes
Behavioural/language/movement difficulties

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6
Q

What is vascular dementia?

A

Impaired blood flow to the brain
Cognitive decline

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7
Q

Which disease is vascular dementia associated with?

A

CVD

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8
Q

What is Lewy body dementia?

A

Clumps of protein that cause alterations in thought, perceptions and movement

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9
Q

What is AZD?

A

Build up of misfolded amyloid and tau proteins
Loss of memory, language, reasoning

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10
Q

What drives amyloid production?

A

Infection
Inflammation
Oxidative stress

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11
Q

How is AZD diagnosed?

A

CT scan
MRI
PET scan

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12
Q

What are Dr Bredesen’s three categories of AZD?

A

Inflammation/hot
Atrophic/cold
Cortical/toxic

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13
Q

What is inflammation/hot AZD associated with?

A

Increased innate immune system activation
Inflammation
Pro-inflammatory microglia
Reduced sirtuin activity

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14
Q

What is atrophic/cold AZD associated with?

A

Loss of trophic support from neurotrophins e.g. BDNF

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15
Q

What is cortical/toxic AZD associated with?

A

Environmental toxins = inflammation/brain atrophy

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16
Q

What are microglia?

A

Immune cells of the brain

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17
Q

Which type of microglia is the pro-inflammatory one?

A

M1

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18
Q

Which type of microglia is the inflammatory one?

A

M2

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19
Q

What is a supportive strategy with microglia in AZD?

A

Shifting from M1 to M2

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20
Q

Which transcription factor supports the microglia shift from M1 to M2?

A

Nrf2

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21
Q

Which transcription factor promotes the M1 type of microglia?

A

NF-kB

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22
Q

Which processes/microglia drive neurodegeneration in AZD?

A

NF-kB
M1

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23
Q

Which processes/microglia are neuroprotective in AZD?

A

Nrf2
M2

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24
Q

How does dysbiosis lead to AZD?

A

Leads to pro-inflammatory communication to TLRs on brain microglia via gut-brain axis
TLRs are sensitive to damaged tissue leading to spiral of inflammation

25
Q

Which hormone can suppress microglia-related inflammation?

A

Oxytocin

26
Q

How can we produce oxytocin?

A

Through social interactions

27
Q

Which bacteria is associated with AZD?

A

P. gingivalis

28
Q

Where does neurogenesis occur?

A

Hippocampus

29
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus?

A

Memory storage
Mood
Cognitive function

30
Q

What happens to neurogenesis in AZD?

A

It’s lost
Reduced ability to grow new neurons

31
Q

What process stops new neurons from surviving?

A

Inflammation

32
Q

What is BDNF?

A

Neuroprotective protein that helps new neurons survive

33
Q

What are BDNF levels like in AZD?

A

Low

34
Q

What functions does BDNF support?

A

Cognitive ability
Memory
Neurogenesis
Synapse function

35
Q

What things can support BDNF levels? (FORCEPS)

A

Fresh air
O3 fatty acids
Reduced stress
Calorie restriction
Exercise
Polyphenols
Social enrichment
Healthy gut microbiota

36
Q

Which drug is usually prescribed for AZD?

A

Donepezil

37
Q

What action does donepezil have?

A

Increases acetylcholine levels by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase

38
Q

What are the main side effects of donepezil?

A

Nausea
Incontinence

39
Q

What is the role of acetylcholine?

A

Mood
Memory
Learning

40
Q

What is acetylcholine made from?

A

Acetyl-CoA
Choline

41
Q

What things support acetylcholine production?

A

Diet
Lifestyle
BDNF

42
Q

What benefit does acetylcholine have on the brain

A

Anti-inflammatory

43
Q

Which metal is implicated in AZD?

A

Aluminium

44
Q

Why is aluminium a burden to neurons?

A

Depletes them of ATP

45
Q

How much aluminium is absorbed from food?

A

0.1%

46
Q

How much aluminium is absorbed from water?

A

0.3%

47
Q

How much aluminium is absorbed from vaccines?

A

100%

48
Q

Things that can chelate aluminium

A

Silica-rich water
Coriander
Chlorella

49
Q

Why is AZD described as T3D?

A

Strong association with insulin resistance, obesity and AZD

50
Q

Why is obesity a risk factor for AZD?

A

Obese individuals have increased peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation
Obesity over-activates the SNS, suppressing PSNS acetylcholine activity

51
Q

What factors can support decreased neuroinflammation and decreased AZD risk?

A

PSNS
Increased Vagus nerve activity
Increased BDNF
Increased acetylcholine
Increased oxytocin

52
Q

What factors can support increased neuroinflammation and increased AZD risk?

A

SNS
Reduced Vagus nerve activity
Reduced BDNF
Reduced acetylcholine
Reduced oxytocin

53
Q

Dietary approach to brain health

A

Whole, unprocessed foods
Low GI foods
Healthy fats
SMASH fish
Free-range, organic animal produce
Hydration

54
Q

What is the MIND diet?

A

Hybrid between Med diet and DASH diet

55
Q

What is the Ketoflex 12/3 diet?

A

12 hours between last meal of day and first meal next day
3 hours between last meal of day and bedtime

56
Q

What is the brain benefit of the Ketoflex 12/3 diet?

A

Puts body into a mild state of ketosis
Healing for brain and mitochondria

57
Q

What are the benefits of coconut oil for brain health?

A

20g/day raises ketone levels
Improved cognitive performance
Rich in MCTs (easily absorbable form of saturated fatty acids)

58
Q

What are the basics of the MEND protocol?

A

Wholefood, low GI diet
Exercise
Reduce stress
Adequate sleep
GI health
Balance blood glucose levels
Optimise AOs
Support mitochondria
Test for CRP/B5/B6/B12/folate
Test for heavy metals

Nutrition 2 (Semester II) (55 decks)

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