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Medical Terminology > 14. Lymphatic System > Flashcards

14. Lymphatic System Flashcards

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1
Q

adaptive immunity

A

The ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them. Humoral (B cells) and cell-mediated immunity (T cells) are examples.

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2
Q

adenoids

A

Mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx.

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3
Q

antibody

A

Protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens.

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4
Q

antigen

A

Substance that the body recognizes as foreign; evokes an immune response. Most antigens are proteins or protein fragments found on the surface of bacteria, viruses, or organ transplant tissue cells.

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5
Q

axillary nodes

A

Lymph nodes in the armpit (underarm).

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6
Q

B cell (B lymphocyte)

A

Lymphocyte that matures into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies. The B refers to the bone marrow, which is where B cells most often originate.

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7
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells (cytotoxic, helper, and suppressor) respond to antigens and destroy them; a type of adaptive immunity.

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8
Q

cervical nodes

A

Lymph nodes in the neck region.

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9
Q

complement system

A

Set of proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target.

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10
Q

cytokines

A

Proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction. Examples are interferons and interleukins.

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11
Q

cytotoxic T cell

A

Lymphocyte that directly kills antigens; called CD8+ T cell.

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12
Q

dendritic cell

A

Antigen-presenting cell. Shows T and B cells what to attack.

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13
Q

helper T cell

A

Lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cells; CD4+ T cell.

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14
Q

humoral immunity

A

B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; type of adaptive immunity.

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15
Q

immunity

A

Body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs. This includes natural immunity and adaptive immunity. The word immunity comes from Latin immunis, meaning exempt or protected from.

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16
Q

immunoglobulins

A

Antibodies such as IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, and IgD; secreted by plasma cells (mature B cells) in response to the presence of an antigen.

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17
Q

immunotherapy

A

Use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat disease.

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18
Q

inguinal nodes

A

Lymph nodes in the groin region.

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19
Q

interferons

A

Proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response.

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20
Q

interleukins

A

Proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes.

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21
Q

interstitial fluid

A

Fluid in the spaces between cells. This fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries.

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22
Q

lymph

A

Thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body. Latin lympha means clear spring water.

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23
Q

lymph node

A

Collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels; contains cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) that fight infection.

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24
Q

lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland. Tonsils and adenoids are other examples of lymphoid organs.

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25
lymph vessel
Carrier of lymph throughout the body; lymphatic vessels empty lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest
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macrophage
Large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body. Phag/o means to eat or swallow.
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mediastinal nodes
Lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the chest cavity.
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mesenteric nodes
Lymph nodes in the mesentery (intestinal region)
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monoclonal antibody
Antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells; useful in immunotherapy.
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natural immunity
Protection that an individual is born with to fight infection such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells. It is not antigen specific and does not elicit memory.
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plasma cell
Lymphocyte that secretes antibodies. It matures from B lymphocytes.
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right lymphatic duct
Lymphatic vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of the body. It empties lymph into a large vein in the neck.
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spleen
Organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn-out red blood cells, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood.
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suppressor T cell
Lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T cells. Also called a Treg (regulatory T cell).
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T cell (T lymphocyte)
Lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferons and interleukins that are toxic to antigens.
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thoracic duct
Large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower and left side of the body (head, neck, arm, and chest). It empties lymph into large veins in the neck.
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thymus gland
Lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response.
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tonsils
Masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx.
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toxin
Poison; a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants.
40
vaccination
Exposure of an individual to a foreign protein (antigen) that provokes an immune response. The response will destroy any cell that possesses the antigen on its surface and will protect against infection. The term comes from the Latin vacca, cow—the first inoculations were given with organisms that caused the disease cowpox to produce immunity to smallpox.
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vaccine
Weakened or dead antigen is given to induce production of antibodies. This results in adaptive immunity.
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immun/o
protection
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lymph/o
lymph
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lymphaden/o
lymph node (gland)
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splen/o
spleen
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thym/o
thymus gland
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tox/o
poison
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ana-
again, anew
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inter-
between
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AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome -Suppression or deficiency of the immune response (destruction of lymphocytes) caused by exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
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Lymphoma
Malignant tumour of the lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue. | Hodgkin disease is an example of lymphoma
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candidiasis
Yeast-like fungus (Candida), normally present in the mouth, skin, intestinal tract, and vagina, overgrows, causing infection of the mouth (thrush), respiratory tract, and skin.
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cryptococcal infection (Crypto)
Yeast-like fungus (Cryptococcus) causes lung, brain, and blood infections. Pathogen is found in pigeon droppings and nesting places, air, water, and soil.
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cryptosporidiosis
Parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract and brain and spinal cord. The pathogen, Cryptosporidium, is a one-celled organism commonly found in farm animals.
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cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
Virus causes enteritis and retinitis (inflammation of the retina at the back of the eye). Found in saliva, semen, cervical secretions, urine, feces, blood, and breast milk, but usually causes disease only when the immune system is compromised.
56
herpes simplex
Viral infection causes small blisters on the skin of the lips or nose or on the genitals. Herpes simplex virus also can cause encephalitis.
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histoplasmosis (Histo)
Fungal infection caused by inhalation of dust contaminated with Histoplasma capsulatum; causes fever, chills, and lung infection. Pathogen is found in bird and bat droppings.
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Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) complex infection
Bacterial disease manifesting with fever, malaise, night sweats, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss, and lung and blood infections.
59
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
One-celled organism causes lung infection, with fever, cough, and chest pain. ## Footnote Pathogen is found in air, water, and soil and is carried by animals. Infection is treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim), a combination of several antibiotics, or pentamidine. Aerosolized pentamidine, which is inhaled, can prevent occurrence of PCP.
60
toxoplasmosis (Toxo)
Parasitic infection involving the central nervous system (CNS) and causing fever, chills, visual disturbances, confusion, hemiparesis (slight paralysis in half of the body), and seizures. Pathogen (Toxoplasma) is acquired by eating uncooked lamb or pork, unpasteurized dairy products, or raw eggs or vegetables.
61
tuberculosis (TB)
Bacterial disease (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis) involving the lungs, brain, and other organs. Signs and symptoms are fever, cough, loss of weight, anorexia, and blood in sputum.
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allergy
Abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen.
63
lymphoma
Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue. ## Footnote Hodgkin lymphoma—Malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes. This disease is characterized by lymphadenopathy (lymph nodes enlarge), splenomegaly, fever, weakness, and loss of weight and appetite. The diagnosis often is made by identifying a type of malignant cell (Reed-Sternberg cell) in the lymph nodes. If disease is localized, the treatment may be radiotherapy or chemotherapy. If the disease is more widespread, chemotherapy is given alone. There is a very high probability of cure with available treatments. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas—These include follicular lymphoma (composed of collections of small lymphocytes in a follicle or nodule arrangement) and large cell lymphoma (composed of large lymphocytes that infiltrate nodes and tissues diffusely). Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are mostly B-cell lymphomas and rarely T-cell malignancies. Chemotherapy may cure or stop the progress of this disease.
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multiple myeloma
Malignant tumor of bone marrow cells.
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allergen
Substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction; a type of antigen.
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anaphylaxis
Exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substance.
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Mononucleosis
Acute infectious disease with enlargement of lymph nodes
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Sarcoidosis
inflammatory disease in which small nodules, or tubercles, form in lymph nodes and other organs
69
ELISA
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, to screen for antibodies for HIV, which causes AIDS
70
Western Blot Test
A blood test to detect the presence of antibodies to specific antigens such as HIV. This test is more precise than the ELISA test.
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AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
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ELISA
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (test to detect anti-HIV)
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HAART
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (for AIDS)
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HD
Hodgkin disease
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HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
76
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
Immunoglobulins (antibodies)
77
CD4+ cells
Helper T cells that carry the CD4 protein antigen on their surface. HIV binds to CD4 and infects and kills T cells bearing this protein. AIDS patients have an inadequate number of CD4+ cells.
78
Hodgkin lymphoma
Malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in spleen and lymph nodes; Reed-Sternberg cells are often found on microscopic analysis.
79
non-Hodgkin lymphomas
Group of malignant tumors involving lymphoid tissue. Examples are follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma.
80
viral load test
Measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream. ## Footnote Two viral load tests are a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assay and an NASBA (nucleic acid sequence–based amplification) test.
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opportunistic infections
Infectious diseases associated with AIDS; they occur because HIV infection lowers the body’s resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that normally are easily contained.
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MAC
Mycobacterium avium complex | a group of pathogens that cause lung disease in patients with depressed immune systems
85
PCP
Pneumocystis pneumonia (opportunistic infection seen in patients with AIDS)

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