The Evolution of Psychological Science (Chapter 1) Flashcards

Unit 2

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1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of mind and behavior

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2
Q

Mind

A

Private inner experience of perceptions thoughts, memories, and feelings

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3
Q

Behavior

A

Observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals

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4
Q

Dualism

A

The view that the mind and body are fundamentally different things (founded by René Descartes)

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5
Q

Materialism

A

The doctrine that nothing exists except matter and its movements and modifications / The view that all mental phenomena are reducible to physical phenomena (founded by Thomas Hobbes)

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6
Q

Realism

A

The view that perceptions of the physical world are entirely made of information from sensory organs

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7
Q

Idealism

A

Perceptions of physical world are brain’s interpretation for sensory organ information

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8
Q

Structuralism

A

All thoughts are structured by basic elements, specifically sensations (like atoms) (founded by Edward Titchner)

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9
Q

Functionalism

A

Study of what purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment (founded by William James)

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10
Q

Behaviorism

A

Approach to psychology that restricts scientific inquiry to observable behavior (inspired by Ivan Pavlov, founded by John B. Watson)

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11
Q

Philosophical empiricism

A

All knowledge is acquired through experience (John Locke)

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12
Q

Philosophical nativism

A

Some knowledge is innate rather than acquired (favored over empiricism by most modern psychologists)

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13
Q

Natural selection

A

Features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations

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14
Q

Consciousness

A

Person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind

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15
Q

The unconscious

A

Part of the mind that operates outside of awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions

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16
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

Approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of the unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors (founded by Sigmund Freud)

17
Q

Introspection

A

The analysis of subjective experience by trained observers

18
Q

(What is the focus of) Neuroscience psychology

A

How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

19
Q

(What is the focus of) Evolutionary psychology

A

How the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes

20
Q

(What is the focus of) Behavior genetics

A

How our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

21
Q

(What is the focus of) Psychodynamic psychology

A

How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

22
Q

(What is the focus of) Behavioral psychology

A

(To determine) how we learn observable responses

23
Q

(What is the focus of) Cognitive psychology

A

How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

24
Q

(What is the focus of) Socio-cultural psychology

A

How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures