Development

Question 1

Zygote

Answer 1

Fertilized egg (conception to 2 weeks)—rapid cell division

Question 2

Embryo

Answer 2

(2 - 8 wks.)—attachment to uterus, heartbeat begins, body parts appear, organs & internal systems form
Critically vulnerable to insults to its development

Question 3

Fetus

Answer 3

(9-40 wks)

Question 4

Ultrasound

Answer 4

High-frequency sound waves to look at organs and structures inside the body

Question 5

Age of Viability

Answer 5

Age at which a premature baby can survive outside of the uterus

Question 6

Placenta

Answer 6

Transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to fetus and filters harmful substances from reaching the embryo or fetus [3rd stage of labor]

Question 7

Sensitive period/critical period

Answer 7

Time when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli

Question 8

Teratogen

Answer 8

Agent, such as a chemical or virus, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Question 9

Temperament

Answer 9

Person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity; apparent from first weeks of life and generally persist into adulthood

Question 10

Sensorimotor stage of development

Answer 10

0-2 years. Experiencing world through senses and action

Question 11

Preoperational stage of development

Answer 11

2-6 years. Representing things with words and images. Intuitive reasoning.

Question 12

Concrete operational stage of development

Answer 12

7-11 years. Thinking logically about concrete events. Grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations

Question 13

Formal operational

Answer 13

12-adulthood. Abstract reasoning

Question 14

Schemas

Answer 14

Conceptual models of how the world works

Question 15

Assimilation

Answer 15

Transforming the environment so that it can be placed in pre-existing cognitive structures

Question 16

Accomodation

Answer 16

Changing cognitive structures in order to accept something from the environment

Question 17

Piaget’s belief was..

Answer 17

Children’s cognitive abilities unfold naturally. (Minds develops through series of universal, irreversible stages from simple reflexes to adult abstract reasoning)

Question 18

Object permanence

Answer 18

Child’s ability to know that objects continue to exist even though they can no longer be seen or heard. Attained around 5-8 months

Question 19

Stranger anxiety

Answer 19

Stranger anxiety results when a child is unable to assimilate the stranger into an existing schema

Question 20

Egocentrism

Answer 20

State during preoperational during which the egocentric child assumes that other people see, hear, and feel exactly the same as the child does

Question 21

Theory of mind (ToM)

Answer 21

Ability to read mental state of others. Right temporal lobe

Question 22

Conservation

Answer 22

Concrete operational state - ability to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container, shape, or apparent size

Question 23

Vygotsky believed..

Answer 23

Children’s minds grow through interaction with the physical environment

Question 24

Attachment

Answer 24

Deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space

Question 25

Imprinting

Answer 25

Forms an attachment to the first thing it sees upon hatching

Question 26

Types of attachment

Answer 26

Secure attachment (stable) Insecure attachment (does not make up with caregiver) Avoidant attachment (does not acknowledge caregiver) Disorganized insecure attachment

Question 27

Authoritarian parenting

Answer 27

Low in warmth and communication, high in control and expectations / rigid and punitive

Question 28

Authoritative

Answer 28

High in all dimensions, set clear goals and encourage independence

Question 29

Permissive

Answer 29

High in warmth & nurturance, low in all others / relaxed and inconsistent direction