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Psychology > From the practice book > Flashcards

From the practice book Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

causation (and its research method)

A
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2
Q

perceptual adaptation

A

the brain’s ability to adjust and adapt to changes in sensory input over time

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3
Q

weber’s law

A

the larger the original stimulus, the larger the just noticeable difference needs to be for it to be detected.

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4
Q

id
ego
superego

A

part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories
the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego
operates as a moral conscience

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5
Q

latent learning (plus insight and social)

A

form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response

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6
Q

incentive theory

A

people are motivated by external stimuli or positive incentives to engage in behaviors

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7
Q

modeling

A

learning by copying the behavior of someone else

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8
Q

primacy effect

A

an individual’s tendency to better remember the first piece of information they encounter than the information they receive later on.

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9
Q

reaction formation
sublimation

A

anxious or unacceptable emotions are mastered by exaggeration of the directly opposing tendency
transform conflicted emotions, unmet desires or unacceptable impulses into productive outlets.

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10
Q

arousal theory

A

our behavior is motivated by a need to maintain an ideal arousal level

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11
Q

bait and switch technique

A

persuasive technique in which an initial promise or offer is made, but the offer is later withdrawn or changed in some way

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12
Q

that’s-not-all technique

A

presenting a large request and then, before response, making the request more attractive by reducing it to a modest target request (like door in the face)

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13
Q

meta analysis

A

statistical combination of results from two or more separate studies

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14
Q

case study

A

detailed examination of a particular case within a real-world context

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15
Q

heuristic

A

problem-solving shortcut that helps even if it’s not always effective

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16
Q

Availability heuristic
Representativeness Heuristics

A

basing one’s assessment on prior comparable experiences, rather than judging that situation individually
basing one’s assessment on common knowledge, stereotypes, or prototypes

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17
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole.Everything is part of a complex system

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18
Q

Aphasia (broca’s, wernicke’s)

A

loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage.

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19
Q

Lobes in the brain

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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20
Q

Frontal lobe

A

deals with problem-solving, decision-making, planning, and judgment

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21
Q

parietal lobe

A

a major sensory processing hub for your brain.
Contains somatic sensory cortex: represent and process touch

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22
Q

occipital lobe

A

responsible for visual perception, including colour, form and motion

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23
Q

temporal lobe

A

processing auditory sensory input and is the location of the primary auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area

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24
Q

Hindbrain

A

Coordinates info coming in and out of spianl cord, basic life functions

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25
Hindbrain contains...
Medulla, reticular formation, cerebellum, pons
26
Somatic symptom disorder
focus on physical symptoms, such as pain, weakness or shortness of breath, to a level that results in major distress and/or problems functioning
27
Inductive reasoning
drawing conclusions by going from the specific to the general
28
Dialectical Reasoning
arriving at the truth by stating a thesis, developing a contradictory antithesis based on concrete possibilities, and combining them into a coherent synthesis
29
Feature analysis
our nervous systems have receptors that filter the different stimuli that come into our brain
30
optic chiasm
the part of the brain where the optic nerves cross
31
vestibular system
provides the sense of balance and the information about body position that allows rapid compensatory movements
32
bottom-up processing
we allow the stimulus itself to shape our perception, without any preconceived ideas
33
top-down processing
we use our background knowledge and expectations to interpret what we see
34
ventromedial vs lateral hypothalamus
ventromedial makes you feel full lateral makes you hungry
35
Savant syndrome
persons with various developmental disorders, including autistic disorder, have an amazing ability and talent
36
type A personalities
ambitious, aggressive, and competitive
37
type B personalities
laid-back, flexible, and patient
38
participant bias
when a participant in a research study may consciously or unconsciously act the way they think the researcher wants them to, rather than responding naturally
39
Social desirability bias
Tendency to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others
40
Levels of processing
the structural level - when we remember only the physical quality of the word, how the word is spelled and how letters look the phonemic level - includes remembering the word by the way it sounds the semantic level - encode the meaning of the word with another word that is similar or has similar meaning
41
Orders of perspectives of psychology
Evolutionism, Structuralism, Functionalism, Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, social-cultural, gestalt, humanistic, cognitive
42
Correlational study
the experimenter does not manipulate or control any of the variables
43
Bipolar and ganglion cells
transfer visual signal to optic nerve, in that order
44
experimental vs correlational research
manipulate an independent variable and measure its effect on a dependent variable measure variables without manipulating any of them
45
concept of g
a single underlying factor, general intelligence, can account for the positive correlations among cognitive abilities.
46
flooding
intensive type of exposure therapy in which you must face your fear at a maximum level of intensity for an extended amount of time
47
mental set
the brain's tendency to stick with the most familiar solution to a problem
48
Barnum effect
the tendency to accept certain information as true, such as character assessments or horoscopes, even when the information is so vague as to be worthless
49
Erik Erikson
child psychoanalyst Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy), Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (toddlerhood), Initiative vs. Guilt (preschool), Industry vs. Inferiority (school-age), Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence), Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood), Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood) Ego Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood)
50
Norepinephrine
regulation of arousal, attention, cognitive function, and stress reactions.
51
Acetylcholine
Anti-adrenaline: memory, learning, attention, arousal and involuntary muscle movement.
52
Glutamate
major role in shaping learning and memory.
53
GABA
chief inhibitory neurotransmitter
54
Endorphins
help relieve pain, reduce stress and improve your sense of well-being
55
Multiple sclerosis
immune system attacks the protective covering of the nerve cells
56
rett syndrome
rapid deterioration of functions after 6 months of infancy
57
Intrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation
Internal factors motivate you (pleasure) External factors motivate you (needs)
58
Thalamus Hypothalamus
relays sensory information Hormonal center: Body temperature. Heart rate. Hunger. Mood. communicates between CNS and endocrine system
59
endocrine system
complex network of glands and organs. It uses hormones to control and coordinate your body's metabolism
60
regression to the mean
results that are extreme by chance on a first trial will become more average after a second trial
61
episodic memory
involves the ability to learn, store, and retrieve information about unique personal experiences that occur in daily life
62
moro reflex
falling and starrtled baby!
63
proximodistal development
the general tendency for the development of motor skills to start at the center of an organism and radiate outwards from there
64
Cannon-Bard James-Lange two-factor
stimulating events trigger feelings and physical reactions that occur at the same time physical changes in the body happen first, which then leads to the experience of emotion. people use cues from their immediate environment to inform their emotions.
65
circadian rhythm regulators
66
practical intelligence analytical intelligence
adaptation to, shaping of, and selection of new environments includes academic tasks, problem-solving abilities, and abstract reasoning the ability to invent solutions to new problems
67
self-efficacy
capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments
68
reciprocal determinism
behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment.
69
limbic system
the part of the brain involved in our behavioural and emotional responses
70
jean piagent accommodation
altering one's existing ideas (schemas) about how the world operates in response to new information and experiences

Psychology (16 decks)

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