Chapter 12: Personality (3A) Flashcards

1
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

Personality and behaviour is shaped by interacting, or dynamic, underlying forces

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2
Q

What is the Conscious?

A

The thoughts and feelings that we are aware of at any given moment

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3
Q

What is the preconscious?

A

Holds thoughts, memories, and ideas that we aren’t consciously thinking about, but cause be brought to consciousness if attended to.

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4
Q

What is the unconscious?

A

We are unaware of this content and cannot become aware of it except in special circumstances

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5
Q

What is the ID?

A

It is the basic instinctual drive:
- eating,sleeping,sex, and comfort
- it is present at brith and largely unconscious

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6
Q

What is the pleasure principle?

A

It is the strive to gratification present in the Id.

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7
Q

What is the ego?

A

It strives to satisfy the id while complying with constraints on behaviour.
- Develops due to behaviour
- Rational, problem-solving force
- Works consciously and unconsciously
- Mediator between the id and the superego

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8
Q

What is the reality principle?

A

Te awareness that os to not always possible or acceptable to have all wants met - connected to the ego.

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9
Q

What is the superego?

A

The personality element in charge of determine which imputes are acceptable to express openly and which are unacceptable.
- Develops as we observe and internalize the behaviours of others in our culture
- Forms during childhood
- We internalize, or unconsciously adopt, the values and norms of others. Our conscience leads us to feel guilds and anxious.

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10
Q

What are the psychosexual stages?

A

During each stage the id’s pleasure-seeking tendencies focus on one area of the body.
- primarily influenced by sexuality and aggression that cause internal conflict.
- Named after specific ergo us zones, or pleasure-producing areas of the body.

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11
Q

What are defence mechanism?

A

Unconscious tactics employed by the ego to protect the individual from anxiety

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12
Q

What is repression?

A

Basic defence mechanism that keeps unpleasant thoughts buried deeply in unconscious mind.

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13
Q

What is denial?

A

Refusal to recognize and existing situation

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14
Q

What is rationalization?

A

Creating a socially acceptable excuse to justify unacceptable behaviour

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15
Q

What is reaction formation?

A

Not acknowledging unacceptable impulses and overemphasizing their opposite
EX: praising a sibling when resenting their success in reality

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16
Q

What is projection?

A

Transferring one’s unacceptable quialities or impulses onto others.
EX: not trusting someone but accusing them of not trusting you

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17
Q

What is dsplacement?

A

Diverting one’s impulses to a more acceptable target
EX: Being mad at friend from school, yelling at the cat

18
Q

what is sublimation?

A

Channeling socially unacceptable impulses into acceptable activities
EX: redirecting aggressive behaviour into becoming a boxer

19
Q

What is regression?

A

reverting to immature ways of responding
EX: throwing a tantrum when frustrated

20
Q

What is identification?

A

Enhancing self-esteem by imaging or forming alliances with others
EX: joining groups for their prestige value

21
Q

What intellectualization?

A

Ignoring troubling emotional aspects by focusing on abstract ideas or thoughts
EX: discussing the economy by ignoring the pain of a lost job

22
Q

What are some ‘evaluations’ of freuds theories?

A
  • inadequate evidence
  • cannot be directly tested by scientific methods
  • lack of predictive power
23
Q

What are some relevant aspects of Freud’s theory?

A
  • Parental influence on relationships in adulthood
  • defence mechanisms serve a function in development and psycologcial disorders
  • continued study of unconscious mind
24
Q

What did new-freudians belive?

A

that human functioning is shaped by interacting, or dynamic, psychological forces

25
Q

What did Alfred Adler believe?

A

Social, not sexual, needs and conscious thoughts are critical in the development of behaviour
- Feelings of inferiority motivate a quest for superiority

26
Q

What did Carl Jung believe?

A

Unconscious also drives toward joy, creativity, and internal harmony.
- everyone seeks to integrate the minds various conscious and unconscious elements o into coherent whole, which he termed as the self

27
Q

According to Carl Jung, what were the two parts of the unconscious?

A

Personal unconscious - formed through individual experiences
Collective unconscious - inherited memories shared by all humankind,which he called archetypes

28
Q

What did Karen Hornet belive?

A
  • Basic anxiety develops in children who experience extreme feelings of isolations and helplessness; sets the stage for later neurosis
  • culture has a role in development
29
Q

What did Abraham Maslow believe?

A
  • Humans are basically good and have an urge to grow and fulfil their potential
  • personality arises from striving to meet needs
  • Hierarchy of needs including self-actualization
30
Q

What is positive psychology?

A

an area of psychology focusing on positive experiences and healthy mental functioning

31
Q

What did carl rogers belive?

A

Humans are fundamentally positive and strive for self-actual inaction

32
Q

What is self-concept?

A

A pattern of self-perception that remains consistent over time and can be used to characterize and individual

33
Q

What is unconditional positive regard?

A

acceptance without terms or conditions - Carl Rogers

34
Q

What are personality traits?

A

Tendencies to behave in certain ways that remain relatively consistent across situations

35
Q

What is the personality trait model?

A

A mini-theory about the structure of personality traits

36
Q

What is lexical hypotheses

A

Gordon all port - the idea that our language contains the important was in which people Can differ

37
Q

What did Hans Eysenck belive

A

Used factor analysis to create super factors

38
Q

What is a super factor?

A

a fundamental dimension of personality made up of a related cluster of personality traits
- developed three independent super-factors called primary dimensions of personality
- Extroversion (sociable)
- Neuroticism (worries)
- Psychoticism (nasty)

39
Q

What are some strengths of the Trait theories

A
  • Traits become increasingly stable across the adult years
  • Relatively stable across many situations and cultures
  • Traits predict other personal attributes and often other behaviour
  • there are appears to be strong genetic contribution to personality traits
40
Q

What are some criticisms of the trait theory?

A
  • Oversimplifies the complexity of personality
  • Traits can become labels that people then adhere too (shy)
  • Portrays personality as fixed ranger than changing