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NMSK > DIFFERENT TISSUE STRUCTURES > Flashcards

DIFFERENT TISSUE STRUCTURES Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of neurones

A

Receive and facilitate nervous systems
Classified based on function and structure

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2
Q

What is the function of neuroglial cells

A

Supporting cells (facilitate conduction of nerve impulses, immune function, maintenance of neurones_

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3
Q

What neuroglial cells are in the CNS

A

Astrocytes
Oligodenrocytes
Microglial cells
Ependymal cells

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4
Q

What neuroglial cells are in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells

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5
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Mechanical and structural support
Supports and connects the various parts of the body
Separates tissues and organs
Protection
Fat storage

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6
Q

What is the structure, function and example of loose connective tissue?

A

Less elastin and collagen
More cells and ground substance
Less rigid and more easily distorted

Examples; in blood vessels, nerves, kidney, liver

Function: loose packing, support, nourishment to associated structures, tissue sliding.

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7
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Composed of a variable structure of cells and fibers surrounded by an extracellular matrix that may be a fluid, solid, or gel, depending on the function of the particular connective tissue.

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8
Q

What is structure, function and examples of dense connective tissue?

A

a higher proportion of fibres like collagen and elastin
•fewer cells.
•less ground substance in the extracellular matrix.

Examples; tendon, ligament, cornea of the eye, arteries

Function; tensile strength and stretch resistance

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9
Q

What are the three types of cartilaginous tissues?

A

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage.

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10
Q

What are cells in cartilage called?

A

chondrocytes

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11
Q

What is the matrix of cartilaginous tissue made up of?

A

type II collagen, glycoproteins and water.

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12
Q

Why is cartilage more flexible than bone?

A

It doesn’t contain calcium phosphate

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13
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

Lamellar (compact) bone
•Trabecular (spongy) bone

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14
Q

What is the structure of bones like?

A

Collagen network – tensile strength.
•Crystalline – compressive strength.
•Bone cells – maintenance of bone.
- calcium phosphate to make it extra strong

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15
Q

What is the specialised liquid tissue

A

Blood

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16
Q

What are the three main components of connective tissue?

A

Cells
Collagen fibres
Ground substance (specialised proteins)

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17
Q

How do you classify connective tissue into sub groups?

A

The non living extra cellular matrix

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18
Q

What does the ECM consist of?

A

Collagen and elastin fibres
Ground substance

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19
Q

What is the role of the ECM

A

Protect and supports cells
Changes cell behaviour in response to environment
Used in cell to cell communication

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20
Q

What are some components of the ground substance

A

Hyaluronic acid
Proteoglycan m

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21
Q

What do the different suffixes mean in terms of matrix?
- blasts
- cytes
- coasts

A

Create matrix
Maintain matrix
Breaks down matrix for remodelling

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22
Q

What is the name of a fat cell?

A

Adipose

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23
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Synovial joints

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24
Q

Compare a fibrous ECM with a liquid ECM and how that affects the structure?

A

In fibrous ECM, the content is different to that of a liquid ECM. In a liquid ECM there is no collagen. Collagen fibres give the tissue its strength and is flexible, therefore cells aren’t as compact together. The fibrous connective tissue is able to withstand lots of tension due to this. The majority of the ECM is made of water, for example blood, so is more able to pass through through cardiovascular system.

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25
Q

Draw what bone tissue looks like

A

On one note

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26
Q

What is adipose connective tissue/

A

It is a connective tissue that is very specialized. It is comprised mainly of adipocytes i.e cells rich in lipid content whose main function is to conserve energy in the form of lipids.
Its function is for the collection and storage of fat for the metabolism of energy in the form of triglycerides.
It is also called body fat and can be present all over the body like under the skin, between the muscles, etc.

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27
Q

Draw the structure of fatty tissue

A

On one note.

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28
Q

What is reticular connective tissue formed from and where is it?

A

Reticular fibres (type III collagen) —> forms lymph nodes and spleen
Elastic fibres —> invertebrate disks

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29
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts?

A

Secrete collagen for matrix of tissues

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30
Q

What is the function of brown adipose tissue?

A

To maintain heat

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31
Q

What is the function of white adipose tissue?

A

Energy store

32
Q

What is the structure and function of adipose tissue?

A

Little ECM surrounding cells
Cells full of liquid
Function; packaging, protection, insulation

33
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscle

34
Q

What does nerve tissue consist of?

A

Neurones
Neuroglial cells

35
Q

What are the five different types of connective tissue?

A

Loose connective tissue
Dense connective tissue
Bone
Blood
Cartilage

36
Q

What is connective tissue developed from4

A

Mesenchymal tissues

37
Q

What is a fibroblast

A

A type of cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue
They secrete the extra cellular matrix proteins, such as collagen and elastin

38
Q

What are the ground substances in connective tissue?

A
  • GAG (glycoaminoglycans)
    Such as hydralautic acid
  • proteoglycans
  • glycoproteins
39
Q

What are GAGs and where are they found?

A

GAGs are polysaccharides that trap water, giving the ground substance a gel-like texture.

With the exception of hyaluronic acid, GAGs are bound to proteins called proteoglycans. Glycoproteins are proteins that attach components of the ground substance to one another and to the surfaces of cells

40
Q

What are collagen fibres like?

A

Crimp arrangement
Makes them strong and for tension

41
Q

Where are collagen fibres found?

A

Tendon, fascia, capsules, cartilage, bone

42
Q

How far can elastic fibres stretch?

A

Up to 150%

43
Q

Where would you find elastic fibres?

A

Capsules
Lung
Arteries

44
Q

What is the stroma of a tissue

A

Stroma is the part of a tissue or organ with a structural or connective role. It is made up of all the parts without specific functions of the organ - for example, connective tissue, blood vessels, ducts

45
Q

What is the parenchyma of a tissue?

A

parenchyma of an organ consists of that tissue which conducts the specific function of the organ. An organ’s parenchyma usually comprises the bulk of the organ.

46
Q

Where do you find reticular fibres?

A

Part of the stroma
Liver
Kidney
Spleen
Lymph nodes

47
Q

What are the main amino acids in collagen?

A

Glycine
Proline
Hydroxyproline
Hydroxylysine

48
Q

What is the structure of collagen link

A

Triple helix

49
Q

What is the benefit of having Lysyl oxidase in collagen?

A

Enzyme which catalyses hydroxylysine
Forms cross links between elastin and collagen fibres, extra strength

50
Q

Where do you find type 1 collagen?

A

Skin
tendons
Organs
Scar tissue
Artery walls
Cornea
Fibrocartilage

51
Q

Where do you find type 2 collagen?

A

Hyaline cartilage

52
Q

Where do you find type III collagen/

A

Reticular fibres (in organ stroma)

53
Q

Where do you find type IV collagen fibres?

A

Basal laminate, eye lens, filtration system of capillaries and glomerula

54
Q

Where do you find type V collagen fibres?

A

Interstitial tissue
Placenta

55
Q

What is the function of interstitial fluid?

A

Transport of small molecules between cells and blood supply

56
Q

What are some examples of GAG

A

hyaluronic acid
Chrondatin sulphate
Keratin sulphate

57
Q

What are GAGs

A

Unbranched polysaccharide chains
Huge molecules that occupy a large amount of space
Highly negatively charged due to sulphites or carboxylates

58
Q

What do GAGs do

A

Attract positive cations (Na+ and K+)
Attract water and push it back out for compressive effecf

59
Q

What are the clinical uses of GAGs

A

Reduces inflammation
Enhances function

60
Q

What is the function of hyaluronic acid?

A

Resists compression;
Major part of hyaline cartilage and synovial fluid
In skin
Tissue repair
Facilitates cell migration and proliferation

61
Q

What are the function of glycoproteins

A

Binds together fibres, cells and ground substances
Cell to cell interactions

62
Q

What is laminin

A

Major protein in basal lamina

63
Q

What is basal lamina?

A

Basal laminas are specialized sheets of extracellular matrix that in epithelia underlie the epithelial cells and separate them from the adjoining stroma

64
Q

What is a fibronectin and its function?

A

Glycoprotein
Cell adhesion, growth
Would healing
Embryonic development

65
Q

What is the structure of loose connective tissue like?

A

Interstitial
Provides some support but lets blood vessels and nerves do what they want

66
Q

Which dense connective tissue have randomly ordered fibres?

A

Sclera (white of eyes)
Skin

67
Q

Which dense connective tissue has parallel ordered bundles?

A

Tendons
Ligaments

68
Q

What is the structure of a tendon/ ligament like?

A

Parallel collagen fibres
Surrounded by peritenon
Fibrocytes/ tenocytes

69
Q

What collagen type does tendon have

A

Type 1

70
Q

What collagen type does ligaments have

A

3

71
Q

What is the composition of tendon have

A

65-80% dollagen
2% elastin
1-5% proteoglycans
<rest is water

72
Q

What is the function of glycoaminoflycams

A

Bind to collagen to make a mesh network
Binds to water for compressive force resistant

73
Q

What are the main GAGs

A

Chondroitin sulphate and dermatan sulphate
Decorin, biglycan, versican
Heparin
Keratan sulphate

74
Q

What is a proteoglycsn

A

Several GAGs joined to a core protein
Core proteins are then joined to a hyaluronan to make large netwoek

75
Q

What is the function of large proteoglycsns

A

Attracts cations
Attracts water
Compressive force

76
Q

What do small glycoproteins do

A

Binds to ECM molecules like collagen to form crosslinks
Tensile factors
Binds growth factors

77
Q

What is COMP, where is it and its functions

A

An extra cellular glycoprotein

In tendons and ligaments
•Resists load.
•Binds fibrillar collagen.
•Helps in forming fibrils.
•Organises collagen networ

NMSK (47 decks)

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