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nmsk > DISTAL LIMB > Flashcards

DISTAL LIMB Flashcards

1
Q

Where would you administer the palmar digital nerve block

A

Pattern region

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2
Q

How can you palpate the position for the palmar digital nerve block

A

Neurovascular bundle abaxial to the flexor tendons

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3
Q

What does the digital palmar nerve block desensitise

A

Hoof region except the dorsal coronary band

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4
Q

Where do you insert the palmar digital nerve block

A

Abaxial surface of the proximal sesamoid bones

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5
Q

What structures do you palpate for the abaxial sedamoid nerve block

A

Neurovascular bundles over the proximal sesamoid bones

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6
Q

What does the abaxial sesamoid nerve block desensitise?

A

The digit and caudal fetlock joint

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7
Q

When should you not administer regional anaesthesia

A

Animals with:
Severe tendon injury
Suspected fracture
Localised infection

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8
Q

What are the 4 synovial joint places in horses

A
  1. PIP
  2. MCP
  3. DIP
  4. Common flexor tendon sheath
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9
Q

Where are the extensor tendons of the digits found

A

Dorso lateral aspect

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10
Q

What innervates the extensor of the digits in forelimb

A

Radial nerve

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11
Q

What is the main extensor tendon of the digits in forelimb

A

Common digital extensor
(They do have lateral extensor but not really in horses as they only have one digit)

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12
Q

Where are the extensor tendons found in the hindlimb

A

Dorsal lateral aspect

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13
Q

What innervates the extensor tendons in the hindlimb?

A

Fibula nerve

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14
Q

What is the main digital extensor tendon in the hindlimb

A

Long digital extensor
(There is a lateral digital extensor but horses only have one toe)

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15
Q

Where are the flexor tendons of the digits located

A

Palmar aspect

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16
Q

Where is the SDFT located?

A

Subcutaneous and palpable
From hock and at P2 splits into two

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17
Q

What is the function of the SDFT

A

Stabilises fetlock joint
Flexes whole digit

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18
Q

Where is the DDFT

A

Runs deep to SDFT
Starts at same place as SDFT but goes down to P3
Inserts on distal phalanx of each functional digit

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19
Q

What is the function of the DDFT

A

Stabilises fetlock joint

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20
Q

What is the manica flexoria

A

The DDFT goes more distal than the SDFT so needs to go through it
The SDFT splits into two and DDFT goes through tube it created

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21
Q

What is the difference in the interosseus muscle in different animals

A

Dogs/ cats —> muscular
Horses —> tendonous

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22
Q

Where does suspensory ligament divide

A

Just above fetlock joint into branches on each sesamoid bone

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23
Q

Which limb is accessory (check) ligament more prominent

A

Forelimb

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24
Q

What is the function of the accessory (check) ligaments

A

Ligament of SDFT connects tendon to radius
Ligament of DDFT connects tendon to carpal region

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25
Q

What are annular ligaments

A

Thickenings on fascia
Stabilises tendons

26
Q

What allows cats to retract the claws

A

Dorsal elastic ligament

27
Q

What nerves supply to the extensors of the digits

A

Radial nerve

28
Q

What nerves supply to the flexors of the digits

A

Ulnar
Median

29
Q

How does the palmar digital nerve block work

A

Desensitises hoof structures other than coronary band
Palpate Neurovascular bundles abaxial to flexor tendons

30
Q

How does the abaxial sesamoid nerve block work?

A

Palpate Neurovascular bundles over proximal sesamoid bones
Desensitise digit and caudal aspect of the fetlock joint

31
Q

How do you block fibula nerve on hindlimb

A

Block dorsal and plantar aspect

32
Q

How do you block dorsal supply in forelimb

A

Can be blocked on palmar aspect

33
Q

What is important about the vasculature of digits in ruminants

A

Dorsal supply
Dorsal common digital vein can be used for IV access
Stump of axial palmar artery bleeds on amputation of digit so ,just be ligated

34
Q

In ruminants which claw takes more weight

A

Lateral claw

35
Q

In front feet which claw in ruminants is bigger

A

Media;

36
Q

In ruminants himd feet which claw is bigger

A

Lateral clawwhat

37
Q

What is the white line

A

Unpigmented joim between inner hoof wall and sole

38
Q

What is the periodic epidermis

A

Thin membrane that grows from outer edge of coronary band down the hoof wall
Produces a thin waxy waterproof cover

39
Q

What are the two layers of claw horn

A

Living dermis
Epidemis

40
Q

What is the dermis like on hoof of ruminants

A

Living tissue
Blood vessel s
Nerve supply

41
Q

What is the epidermis of hoof like on ruminants

A

Inner part has living cells producing horn
Outer part is dead horn

42
Q

How quickly does the wall horn grow

A

5mm a month

43
Q

What length should the foot horn be in ruminants

A

90mm

44
Q

How is horn formed

A

Keratinsatiom (differentiation of living epidermal cells)
Cornficiagiom (programmed cell death of living epidermal cells)
This final product makes home

45
Q

What is different between between hoof in pigs and cows

A

In pigs, wall is straight not bent mediallynat toe
In pigs soft bulb is well distanced from the wall and sole

46
Q

How does the suspensory apparatus work in cows

A

Collagen fibre bundle holds and supports P3 within hoof capsule
Underneath P3 is an interdigital fat pad cushion

47
Q

Where does the suspensory ligament divide into two branches

A

Just proximal to fetlock joint

48
Q

What tissue makes up the footpads

A

Subcutis
Adipose tissue
Collagen
Elastic tissue

49
Q

What is the function of the foot pads

A

Supports animals weight
Distributed weight
Friction

50
Q

What structure enables cats to retract their claws

A

Dorsal elastic ligaments

51
Q

What veins/ arteries are there in the distal limb

A

Lateral and medial digital vein/ artery
Medial palmer artery/ vein (and nerve)

52
Q

What is special about the veins in the equine distal limb

A

No valves In plexuses (congregation of veins)
Horses need to move to drain blood back up towards heart

53
Q

How does the epidermis and dermis fit onto one another in hoof

A

Via lamallea

54
Q

Why does laminitis occur?

A

Failure of adhesion of cells to basement membrane
Detachment and deformation of dermal/ epidermal junction

55
Q

How does the hoof grow

A

In coronary band Dermal papillae (tentacles/ out pouches of dermis) creates tubes of squamae
The tubes fit over the papillae
Intertubular horn is made by cells in the base of the papillae

56
Q

What are so,e complications that can arise at the white line

A

Sub solar absess
Seedy toe
White line disease

57
Q

What is the stratum internum

A

The layer with the epidermal lamallae

58
Q

What is the stratum medium

A

Bulk of the hoof wall
Layer with horn tubules and intertubular horn

59
Q

What is the stratum externum

A

Thin, waxy layer of keratin

60
Q

What are the adaptations to help P3 weight load

A

Suspended from, hoof wall
Collagen fibre bundles run between P3 and inner aspect of claw capsule

nmsk (47 decks)

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