Learning (Chapter 7) Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

The acquisition, from experience, of new knowledge, skills, or responses that result in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

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2
Q

Habituation

A

A general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding [violent movie]

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3
Q

Sensitization

A

A simple form of learning that occurs when presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus [house break in]

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4
Q

Classical conditioning

A

When a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

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5
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism

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6
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

Reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus

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7
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

Stimulus that is initially neutral and produces a reliable response in an organism

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8
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

Reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus

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9
Q

Acquisition

A

Phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together

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10
Q

Extinction

A

Gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented

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11
Q

Second-order conditioning

A

Conditioning where the CS is paired with a stimulus that became associated with the US in an earlier procedure

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12
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

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13
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Stimulus that is similar to an already-conditioned stimulus begins to produce the same response as the original stimulus does.

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14
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Organism learns to differentiate between the CS and other similar stimuli.

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15
Q

Law of Effect

A

Behavior becomes more likely or less likely depending on its consequences

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16
Q

Shaping

A

Production of of new forms of operant behavior by reinforcement of successive approximations to the behavior(rat car)

17
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Adding stimulus to increase likelihood of a response

18
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Removing a stimulus to increase likelihood of a response

19
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

Schedule reinforcing occurs occasionally, takes longer, habits stick for longer.

20
Q

Positive punishment

A

Increase of (unpleasant) stimulus to decrease likelihood of a response

21
Q

Negative punishment

A

Removing a (pleasant) stimulus to decrease likelihood of a response

22
Q

Fixed ratio

A

Reinforcement for a specific number of behaviors

23
Q

Variable ratio

A

Reinforcement for a random number of behaviors

24
Q

Fixed interval

A

Reinforcement for a behavior at a fixed time

25
Q

Variable interval

A

Reinforcement for a behavior at a random time

26
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that is not immediately expressed in performance

27
Q

Self-efficacy

A

People who believe they have the power to exercise some measure of control over their lives are healthier